Formation and early development of tetraspores of Polysiphonia urceolata （Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta）

Polysiphonia urceolata is one type of potential commercial red seaweeds used for breeding and cultivation, because of its significant biochemical and biomedical application. However, the information of breeding and seedling incubation for cultivation is limited, especially the early development. In this study, tetrasporohyte and gametophyte of P. urceolata were taken as the study materials in Huiquan Bay, Qingdao, China. The cleaned and sterilized tetrasporophytes and gametophytes were pre-cultured in sterilized seawater, then nurtured at 18°C, 25 μmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹ in 12:12 h (light:dark) photoperiod. Continuous observation under microscope showed that the early development consists of bipolar division stage and seedling stage. In the division stage, tetraspores germinate into bipolar sporelings that further differentiate into a colorless rhizoidal portion and a lightly pigmented upright shoot. The lightly pigmented rhizoidal cell develops to a rhizoid and the larger pigmented cell transforms to an erect axis. In the seedling stage, several quasi-protuberances appear on the erect axis and form juvenile seedlings. The results demonstrate the culture of P. urceolata from tetraspores under laboratory conditions. Supported by National Key Technology Support Program, Development Program of China (No.2006AA09Z21), National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40618001 and N_CUHK438/06) and Shandong Agricultural Seed Stock Breeding Project     

全球板块运动背景场及ITRF2005VEL的建立

简要分析了最新的国际地球参考框架ITRF2005实现的基本情况及其相对于ITRF2000的改进,以ITRF2005为参考框架建立了新的全球板块运动模型ITRF2005VEL。建模时,首先根据测站的分布和速度场的精度对测站进行初步剔除,然后采用相似变换的方法对全球ITRF2005测站的速度场数据再进行第2次筛选。根据筛选结果利用最小二乘方法建立了全球板块运动背景场及其运动模型,给出了全球11个主要块体的运动参数。此结果与其他学者建立的模型相比,总体上有很好的一致性,但在个别块体上也有所差异。     

Seasonal changes in nitrogen and phosphorus transport in the lower Changjiang River before the construction of the Three Gorges Dam

Water and sediment samples were collected at Datong from June 1998 to March 1999 to examine seasonal changes in the transports of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from the Changjiang River (Yangtze River) to the East China Sea (ECS). Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN; dominated by nitrate) concentration exhibited small seasonality, and DIN flux was largely controlled by water discharge. Dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) concentration was inversely correlated with water discharge, and DIP was evenly delivered throughout a year. The transports of DIN and DIP from the Changjiang River were consistent with seasonal changes in nutrient distributions and P limitation in the Changjiang Estuary and the adjacent ECS. Dissolved organic and particulate N (DON and PN) and P (DOP and PP) varied parallel to water discharge, and were dominantly transported during a summer flood. The fluxes of DOP and particulate bioavailable P (PBAP) were 2.5 and 4 times that of DIP during this period, respectively. PBAP accounted for 12–16% of total particulate P (PP), and was positively correlated with the summation of adsorbed P, Al–P and Fe–P. Ca–P, the major fraction of PP, increased with increasing percent of CaCO₃. The remobilization of riverine DOP and PBAP likely accounted for the summer elevated primary production in DIP-depleted waters in the Changjiang Estuary and the adjacent ECS. The Changjiang River delivered approximately 6% of DIN (1459 × 10⁶ kg), 1% of DIP (12 × 10⁶ kg), and 2% of dissolved organic and particulate N and P to the totals of global rivers. The construction of the Three Gorges Dam might have substantially reduced the particulate nutrient loads, thereby augmenting P limitation in the Changjiang Estuary and ECS.     

广东一次寒潮8级大风物理过程分析

本文利用NCEP1°×1°的网格点分析资料和常规观测资料对2006年1月4～7日广东寒潮造成的广东海面8级大风过程进行了物理机制分析.结果表明:受强冷空气南下影响,有着较深厚的强冷平流输送,加之高空动量下传的共同作用,故而造成了广东东、西部海面先后出现了8级大风过程.这为以后更准确地预报广东海面大风提供了良好的依据.     

脂肪肝病变大黄鱼肝脏脂肪酸组成、代谢酶活性及抗氧化能力的研究

脂肪肝病变在人工养殖大黄鱼(Pseudosciaena crocea)中非常普遍,本试验研究了大黄鱼脂肪肝的发生机制,为寻找解决大黄鱼脂肪肝的有效途径提供基础资料.试验鱼取自中国东海,养殖方式和饲料来源相同,根据肉眼和组织学观察分为正常肝脏、轻微脂肪肝和严重脂肪肝3类.分别测定了正常大黄鱼和具有脂肪肝症状的大黄鱼肝脏总脂脂肪酸组成的变化、相应脂肪酸合成酶、抗氧化酶以及丙二醛含量的变化.试验结果显示,随着大黄鱼脂肪肝症状严重程度增加,肝脏总脂饱和脂肪酸和n-3多不饱和脂肪酸比例显著降低(P<0.05),单不饱和脂肪酸比例显著上升(P<0.05).其中严重脂肪肝花生四烯酸(ARA)、二十碳五烯酸(EPA)、二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)比例较正常鱼分别降低了89%,79%和78%.严重脂肪肝大黄鱼的异柠檬酸脱氢酶和6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶活性显著高于正常鱼(P<0.05);轻微脂肪肝鱼的转氨酶活性显著低于正常鱼(P<0.05);具有脂肪肝症状的大黄鱼超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性均高于正常鱼.丙二醛含量则随大黄鱼脂肪肝病变程度加剧而显著增加(P<0.05).通过分析认为,过量单不饱和脂肪酸沉积在肝脏中,导致脂肪酸合成代谢发生紊乱,可能是造成大黄鱼脂肪肝的主要原因;肝脏ARA含量大量减少使脂肪肝大黄鱼抗应激能力降低,而肝脏脂肪酸过氧化程度升高,进一步破坏肝脏的正常功能.     

The hydrogen peroxide impact on larval settlement and metamorphosis of abalone <Emphasis Type="Italic">Haliotis diversicolor supertexta</Emphasis>

Abalone Haliotis diversicolor supertexta is an important economic mollusk. The settlement and metamorphosis are two critical stages during its development period, which has direct influence on abalone survival and production. The influence of reactive oxygen species （hydrogen peroxide） on abalone embryo and juvenile development were examined in this study. Larvae of Haliotis diversicolor supertexta were induced to settlement and metamorphose by exposure to seawater supplemented with hydrogen peroxide. They had the best performance at 800 μmol/L. The concentration of 1 000 μmol/L or higher was toxic to the larvae, as the larvae could settle down only at benthic diatom plates without complete metamorphosis. In addition, H2O2 adding time was critical to the larval performance. 24h after two-day post-fertilization was proved to be the optimal adding time. In this paper, two action mechanisms of hydrogen peroxide are discussed： （1） hydrogen peroxide has direct toxicity to ciliated cells, thus cause apoptosis; （2） hydrogen peroxide, as a product from catecholamines＇ autoxidation process in vivo, can reverse this process to produce neuro-transmitters to induce abalone metamorphosis.     

东营市东营区努力开创土地开发整理工作新局面

东营区是黄河三角洲中心城市一东营市的中心区,我国第二大油田一胜利油田所在地.近年来,东营区随着城市化进程的加快,建设用地不断增多,保持耕地总量动态平衡压力很大.为确保全区耕地总量动态平衡,东营区创新机制,规范管理,积极探索增加耕地的有效途径,取得了显著成效.1999年以来,全区非农业建设占用耕地551.6 hm2,而同期增加有效耕地3 660.22 hm2,实现了耕地总量的动态平衡.     

Understanding the dynamical-microphysical-electrical processes associated with severe thunderstorms over the Beijing metropolitan region

The Dynamical-microphysical-electrical Processes in Severe Thunderstorms and Lightning Hazards(STORM973)project conducted coordinated comprehensive field observations of thunderstorms in the Beijing metropolitan region(BMR)during the warm season from 2014 to 2018.The aim of the project was to understand how dynamical,microphysical and electrical processes interact in severe thunderstorms in the BMR,and how to assimilate lightning data in numerical weather prediction models to improve severe thunderstorm forecasts.The platforms used in the field campaign included the Beijing Lightning Network(BLNET,consisting of 16 stations),2 X-band dual linear polarimetric Doppler radars,and 4 laser raindrop spectrometers.The collaboration also made use of the China Meteorological Administration’s mesoscale meteorological observation network in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region.Although diverse thunderstorm types were documented,it was found that squall lines and multicell storms were the two major categories of severe thunderstorms with frequent lightning activity and extreme rainfall or unexpected local short-duration heavy rainfall resulting in inundations in the central urban area,influenced by the terrain and environmental conditions.The flash density maximums were found in eastern Changping District,central and eastern Shunyi District,and the central urban area of Beijing,suggesting that the urban heat island effect has a crucial role in the intensification of thunderstorms over Beijing.In addition,the flash rate associated with super thunderstorms can reach hundreds of flashes per minute in the central city regions.The super(5%of the total),strong(35%),and weak(60%)thunderstorms contributed about 37%,56%,and 7%to the total flashes in the BMR,respectively.Owing to the close connection between lightning activity and the thermodynamic and microphysical characteristics of the thunderstorms,the lightning flash rate can be used as an indicator of severe weather events,such as hail and short-duration heavy rainfall.Lightning data can also be assimilated into numerical weather prediction models to help improve the forecasting of severe convection and precipitation at the cloud-resolved scale,through adjusting or correcting the thermodynamic and microphysical parameters of the model.     

新一代区域海-气-浪耦合台风预报系统

依托国家重点基础研究（973）计划项目"上层海洋对台风的响应和调制机理研究",中国气象局上海台风研究所联合国家海洋局的相关单位,通过实施近海台风的外场观测科学试验、加强台风边界层（特别是海气相互作用）物理过程诊断分析及参数化方案等的研究,建立并改进了台风强度预报的海-气-浪耦合预报模式系统,并在此基础上发展了台风强度的集合预报技术,在历史典型台风个例和2016-2017年台汛期的业务化测试中表现出良好的预报性能。     

武汉市汤逊湖沉积物重金属垂向变化的磁响应特征及环境意义

对武汉汤逊湖湖泊沉积物T06-1样芯进行了磁性测量、重金属分析和粒度分析,探讨了利用磁参数追踪、指示城市湖泊重金属污染的可行性.结果表明,低矫顽力的亚铁磁矿物主导了沉积物的磁性特征.磁参数χ,SIRM和ARM与重金属Cr,Zn,Cu和Pb呈现较为一致的垂向变化特征:55cm之下,磁参数值和重金属的含量均较低且稳定;在50～10 cm之间,两者基本呈现随深度的减小而增加的趋势,其中在20～10 cm区间,出现小范围内波动;而10cm至表层,元素含量和磁参数值随深度减小而急剧增加.选取粘土(＜4μm)对沉积物中Cr,Zn,Cu和Pb进行粒度校正的结果显示:校正后元素的变化趋向于平稳,但在表层的10cm处Cr,Pb,Zn和Cu的含量仍然较高,表明了表层沉积物中金属元素的含量主要受人类活动的影响.相关分析也表明了磁参数χ,SIRM和ARM与重金属Cr,Pb,Zn和Cu之间均呈显著相关关系(0.62≤R≤0.86),表明磁参数可以用于追踪和指示汤逊湖湖泊沉积物重金属污染.