Ein Beitrag zur Frage der Eutrophierung des Bodensees durch den Alpenrhein

Zusammenfassung und Folgerungen Es darf als gesichert gelten, dass die 1961 im Auftrag der Internationalen Gew?sserschutzkommission für den Bodensee ermittelte Jahresfracht von 806 t Gesamtphosphor des Alpenrheins in bezug auf den gel?sten Gesamtphosphor viel zu hoch, in bezug auf die Summe von gel?stem und ungel?stem Gesamtphosphor aber wesentlich zu niedrig liegt. Die aus den Ergebnissen der 1961 er Untersuchung für den Alpenrhein gezogenen Schlussfolgerungen k?nnen daher nur zum Teil richtig sein. Kann durch die andernorts bereits durchgeführten Untersuchungen oder durch neue Abkl?rungen festgestellt werden, dass die aus der adsorptiven Bindung an die Rheinsedimente im Bodensee freigesetzte P-Menge kleiner oder gleich der gel?sten P-Fracht des Alpenrheins ist, so hat, die Forderung auf zus?tzliche Einrichtungen zur P-Elimination (3. Reinigungsstufe oder Simultanf?llung) bei den geplanten oder erstellten mechanisch-biologischen Kl?ranlagen im Einzugsgebiet des Bodensees ihre volle Berechtigung.

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Summary and Conclusions It can be considered an established fact that the yearly load of 806 tons of total phosphorus for the Alpine reaches of the Rhine, determined in 1961 on behalf of the International Commission for the Protection of the Lake of Constance against Pollution, is much too high for the dissolved total phosphorus and significantly too low for the sum of the dissolved and undissolved total phosphorus. The conclusions drawn from the 1961 study of the Alpine regions of the Rhine can therefore be only partially correct. If it can be proven that the amount of phosphorus released from the sediments in the Lake of Constance is smaller or equal to the dissolved phosphorus load of the Alpine part of the Rhine, the demand for additional installations for phosphorus elimination (tertiary treatment of sewage or simultaneous precipitation) for the mechanical-biological sewage treatment plants in the catchment area of the Lake of Constance is fully justified.

     

Jurassic and Cretaceous rhyncholites (Cephalopod jaws) from the North Atlantic Ocean (Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 1–79) and their European Counterparts

Well-established species of non-nautilid jaws (Rhynchoteuthis, Palaeoteuthis, andLeptocheilus) from the European Continent and North Africa have been found in Pliensbachian and Oxfordian to Barremian beds of the North Atlantic Ocean (Deep Sea Drilling Project boreholes 1-547B). The rhyncholites from DSDP cores demonstrate stratigraphic condensation, redeposition, and changing palaeoceanographical conditions during the late Jurassic. Being characteristic Tethyan organisms such rhyncholites can also be used as index fossils and indicators for palaeobiogeography, palaeobathymetry, and palaeoclimate. Most likely the rhyncholites described here could be calcified upper jaws of Phylloceratid or Lytoceratid ammonites.

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Zusammenfassung In den DSDP-Bohrungen 1-547B im Nordatlantik sind nicht-nautilide Cephalopoden-Oberkiefer bekannter Arten des europäischen Festlands (Rhynchoteuthis, Palaeoteuthis, Palaeotheutis, undLeptocheilus) im Pliensbachium und vom Oxfordium bis Barremium verbreitet. Die DSDP-Rhyncholithenfunde zeigen stratigraphische Kondensation, Umlagerung und einen Wechsel in den Faziesbedingungen während des Oberen Jura an. Ebenso können solche Rhyncholithen als charakteristische Tethys-Elemente für Aussagen über die Biostratigraphie, Paläobiogeographie und als Paläoklima-Indikatoren verwendet werden. Höchstwahrscheinlich stellen die hier beschriebenen Rhyncholithen karbonatische Oberkiefer von Phylloceraten und Lytoceraten dar.

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Résumé Les couches du Pliensbachien et de l'Oxfordien-Barrémien de l'Atlantique nord (site DSDP 1-547B) renferment des machoires de céphalopodes non nautiloïdes appartenant à des espèces connues sur les continents européen et nord-africain (Rhynchoteuthis, Palaeoteuthis, Palaeotheutis etLeptocheilus). Ces fossiles témoignent d'une condensation stratigraphique, d'un remaniement et d'un changement des conditions de facies au cours du Jurassique supérieur. Comme ces rhyncholites sont des organismes caractéristiques de la Téthys, ils peuvent être utilisés comme des indicateurs de paléobiogéographie, de paléobathymétrie et des paléoclimats. Selon toute vraisemblance, les rhyncholites en question ici sont des machoires supérieures calcifiées de phylloceratides ou de lytoceratides.

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1–547 DSDP , (Rhynchoteuthis, Palaeoteuthis, Palaeotheutis Leptocheilui) . , . . . , , , . , .

     

β-FeOOH · Cln (akaganéite) and Fe1-xO (wüstite) in hot brine from the Atlantis II Deep (Red Sea) and the uptake of amino acids by synthetic β-FeOOH · Cln

A yellowish brown precipitate in samples of Red Sea hot brine has been identified as β-FeOOH · Cl_n (akaganéite) by Guinier-Hägg X-ray diffraction techniques, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electron diffraction and electron excited X-ray fluorescence. Microcrystals of Fe_1-xO (wüstite) were also identified by electron diffraction. Synthetic β-FeOOH · Cl_n characterized by the same techniques was identical with the brine precipitate.Bonding between β-FeOOH · Cl_n and ¹⁴C labeled amino acids is pH dependent: between pH 3 and pH 7.6 amino acids were bound to the extent of 40 to 60% or 0.6 to 0.9 mmol per kg of iron oxide hydroxide. Some selectivity in affinity for different amino acids was observed, however, the effect is insufficient to explain the unusual distribution in the Atlantis II Deep brine reported in the literature.     

Pb-Pb age of sedimentary phosphorite reworking in Lower Riphean carbonate sediments,the Satka Formation of Southern Urals

The mineral composition and U-Pb and Rb-Sr systematics of phosphorites from the Satka Formation of Lower Riphean carbonates, the Burzyan Group of Southern Urals, are studied. Phosphorites occurring as small lenses between stromatolite layers are composed largely of fluorapatite with admixture of detrital quartz, feldspars, illite, and chlorite. Phosphorite samples have been subjected to stepwise dissolution in 1 N (fraction L-1) and 2 N (fraction L-2) HCl. As is established, the maximum apatite content is characteristic of fraction L-1, while fraction L-2 is enriched in products of dolomite and sulfide dissolution and in elements leached from siliciclastic components. The Sr content in the Satka apatites (280–560 ppm) is substantially lower as compared with that in unaltered marine apatite. The ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr “initial ratio in the phosphorites studied (0.71705–0.72484) and host dolomites from the lower part of the Satka Formation is significantly higher than in the Early Riphean seawater that indicates a reset of the Rb-Sr original systems in sediments. The Pb-Pb age of 1340 ± 30 Ma (MSWD = 6.4) estimated based on 7 data points characterizing fractions L-1 and L-2 is younger than the formation time of overlying Burzyan sediments, being consistent, within the error range, with date of the Mashak rifting event recorded at the Early-Middle Riphean boundary. The comparative U-Pb characteristics of two soluble fractions (L-1 and L-2) and silicate residue of phosphorites show that epigenetic redistribution of Pb and U was characteristic of the phosphorite horizon only. The initial Pb isotope composition and μ (²³⁸U/²⁰⁴Pb) estimated according to model by Stacey and Kramers for the early diagenetic fluids in carbonate and phosphate sediments of the Satka Formation suggest that they were in isotopic equilibrium with erosion products of the Taratash crystalline complex.     

Assessment of the coupled effects of vegetation leaf and root characteristics on soil suction: an integrated numerical modeling and probabilistic approach

Acta Geotechnica - Root depth and leaf area ratio are two important features of a plant and exhibit a coupled relation. Assessing their coupled effects on induced soil suction is essential for...     

The energetics of interaction between oxygen vacancies in sillimanite: A model for the mullite structure

A microscopic model is introduced to discuss the modulated structure of mullite. The oxygen vacancies of this aluminosilicate are known to play a central role. In particular, a single vacancy strongly orders its surrounding Al/Si tetrahedral sites. It is shown in this work that if two oxygen vacancies approach too closely to one another, their Al/Si dressing overlap. This situation results in repulsive interaction. The field of interaction between the vacancies is estimated with the use of an atomistic computer simulation. We use a Bragg-Williams type of theory to dicuss the ordering pattern of the vacancies. Due to frustration between the two dominant repulsive interactions, our model predicts a modulated phase transition in agreement with observation.     

Geologische Problematik und Strukturanalyse Nikaraguas

The basement of northern Nicaragua is still a great problem stratigraphically. Enclosed tuffits (mainly basic, partly also intermediate to acid) appear of importance for both petrology and sedimentology. Not in the least they are guide horizons for a more accurate mapping. The vast regional distribution, commonly proved yet, suggests that the composition of the basement is considerably uniform and it seems that they do not belong to different periods and formations. Structurally the region is exceedingly complicated. The folding direction as regards plication and overthrusts is mainly to the North, but partly also to the East. Probably the “Totogalpa formation” (fanglomerates, conglomerates and sandstones, mainly reddish) which follows disconformably over the basement, already indicated, belongs to the sequence of tertiary tuffites, agglomerates, lavas etc. as they conformably form a formation of uniform composition. The relation of basement to lower Cretaceous (marine Albian; “Metapan”), which follows immediately to the south, is less clear. The lower Cretacious shows intensive and complicated folding at Siuna and it appears almost unmetamorphosed (? basement in a wider sense). The marine sediments (upper Cretacious - Miocene) of South Nicaragua are orogenetically only slightly efected (folding direction to E-N). To the North follows a thick serie of Tertiary and Quarternary volcanites (initially mainly submarinal, later on continental). Together with the NW/SE lineaments (Nicaragua depression, lines of volcanoes, coast line in the SW etc.) also NS directed ones clearly appear (coastline in the East). This direction can be found e. g. in the “granite ridge of Susucayan” and the accompanying faults in the vicinity. These latter structures may have taken an active part in the development of the flexured border of the Nicaraguan depression NW of Managua.