Advances in modelling of snowpack processes utilizing remote sensing technology

Application of models over large areas requires enormous amounts of point data which are seldom available. As a result, the use of remote sensing to acquire data for these models becomes a practical alternative because from space areal measurements can be made over entire regions. Remote sensing data sets of snow are being studied and refined for input into energy balance, hydrological, and general circulation models. Snow influences the amount of solar energy retained and returned to space, the utilization of radiant energy in the hydrological cycle, and the atmospheric circulation by interacting with and modifying air masses. The continually evolving remote sensing technology will be used to provide a better understanding of how snow cover influences global climate and a better fundamental understanding of snow accumulation and ablation processes.     

Benthonische Foraminiferen aus der Unterkreide des »Deep Sea Drilling Project« (Leg 1–79)

Zusammenfassung In den DSDP-Legs 1, 11, 13, 17, 25, 27, 32, 36, 41, 43, 44, 50 und 62 wurden die Unterkreide-Foraminiferen biostratigraphisch, taxonomisch und paläoökologisch bearbeitet. Eine Übersicht zeigt die in Leg 1–80 erbohrte Unterkreide und ihre Foraminiferen-Bearbeitungen.Im Nordatlantik fehlen regional ab dem Oberen Tithonium im Verlaufe einer Regression und der sie begleitenden Schichtlücken bis in das Valanginium charakteristische Foraminiferenfaunen. In Gebieten ohne Schwarzschiefer-Bedingungen setzen im Valanginium-Barremium mäßig reichhaltige bis sehr spärliche Mikrofaunen mitPraedorothia ouachensis (Sigal) der gleichnamigen Zone ein (Valanginium-Hauterivium). Hauterivium-Aptium gliedern sich in dieGavelinella barremiana-, dieGaudryina dividens- und dieConorotalites aptiensis- Zone.Wo im Albium nicht das ausgedehnte Schwarzschiefer-Milieu herrschte, findet man eine kosmopolitische Fauna aus agglutinierten und kalkschaligen Foraminiferen derPseudoclavulina gaultina- Zone. Für das höhere Albium und Cenomanium wurde dieGavelinella cenomanica- Zone ausgeschieden. Von biostratigraphischer Bedeutung sind im Berriasium-Albium die GattungenPraedorothia, Gaudryina, Pseudoclavulina, von den Kalkschalern nur wenige skulptierte Arten der Nodosariiden (Citharina, Lenticulina) sowieGavelinella, Conorotalites, Pleurostomella, Valvulineria undOsangularia. Die vonMoullade (1984) begründeten Zonen vom Berriasium-Albium der Tethys und des DSDP sind wegen der großen stratigraphischen Reichweite der verwendeten Foraminiferenarten nicht überall anwendbar.Im Indischen Ozean lassen die wenigen, bisher bekannten »australen« Foraminiferenfunde aus dem Neokom von Site 261 mit überwiegend primitiven agglutinierenden Formen eine genaue Datierung kaum zu. Die Kalkschaler sind meist aufgelöst oder auch umgelagert. Man ordnet sie dem Bereich des kühleren Wassers zu.Im Pazifischen Ozean sind die meisten Mikrofaunen wegen der geringen Kerngewinne, Verunreinigungen oder primärer Foraminiferenarmut (Schwarzschiefer) biostratigraphisch und paläoökologisch kaum verwertbar. Erst im Albium findet sich — wie im Atlantik — eine etwas reichhaltigere Kalk- und Sandschalerfauna mit wichtigen Arten derPseudoclavulina gaultina- Zone. Da außerGavelinella cenomanica (Brotzen) keine andere benthonische Foraminiferenart neu einsetzt, wird die Grenze zum Cenomanium in der Regel mit planktonischen Foraminiferen gezogen.Im Albium fallen die einheitlichen, kosmopolitischen Foraminiferenfaunen ohne ausgeprägte Faunenprovinzen auf.

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From the DSDP Legs 1, 11, 13, 17, 25, 27, 32, 36, 41, 43, 44, 50, and 62 the Lower Cretaceous foraminifers have been investigated for biostratigraphical, taxonomical, and palaeoecological purposes. An overview of the cored Lower Cretaceous sections of Leg 1–80 is given.In the Northern Atlantic Ocean characteristic foraminiferal faunas are missing from the Upper Tithonian to the Valanginian due to a marked regression which caused hiatuses. In areas without black shale conditions Valanginian to Barremian medium rich to poor microfaunas withPraedorothia ouachensis (Sigal) of thePraedorothia ouachensis Zone (Valanginian-Hauterivian). The Hauterivian-Aptian interval is characterized by zones ofGavelinella barremiana,Gaudryina dividens, andConorotalites aptiensis. During the Albian a world-wide fauna consisting of agglutinated and calcareous foraminifers of thePseudoclavulina gaultina Zone is established in areas lacking the wide-spread black-shale conditions. The Upper Albian and the Cenomanian are represented by theGavelinella cenomanica Zone. Some ornamented species of the nodosariids (Citharina, Lenticulina), Gavelinella, Conorotalites, Pleurostomella, Valvulineria, andOsangularia are of some importance for the biostratigraphy of the Berriasian-Albian interval. The Berriasian to Albian zones introduced for the Tethys and the DSDP byMoullade (1984) could only be of some local importance due to the long stratigraphical range of the foraminiferal species used.In the Indian Ocean an exact stratigraphical age cannot be assigned to the few Neocomian foraminiferal faunas of a cooler sea water (Site 261). These faunas mainly contain primitive agglutinated foraminifers, because in most cases the calcareous tests are dissolved or redeposited.In the Pacific Ocean most of the Berriasian to Aptian microfaunas are of minor biostratigraphical and palaeoecological importance for reasons of poor core recoveries, contaminations or original foraminiferal poverty (black shales). Since the Albian there are somewhat higher-diverse faunas of calcareous and agglutinated foraminifers with index species of thePseudoclavulina gaultina Zone. As a rule, the boundary Albian/Cenomanian is set by means of planktonic foraminifers because no other foraminifer has its first appearance datum during this interval, exceptGavelinella cenomanica.During the Albian very uniform, world-wide foraminiferal faunas without a marked provincialism are obvious.

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Résumé Dans les Legs DSDP 1, 11, 13, 17, 25, 27, 32, 36, 41, 43, 44, 50 et 62, les foraminifères du Crétacé inférieur ont été étudiés aux points de vue biostratigraphique, taxonomique et paléoécologique. La note présente une vue d'ensemble de la section d'âge crétacé inférieur du Leg 1–80.Dans l'Atlantique nord, les faunes caractéristiques de foraminifères sont absentes depuis le Tithonique supérieur jusqu'au Valanginien, en raison d'une régression importante et des lacunes qui en résultent. Dans les régions dépourvues de milieux à shales noirs, on rencontre une microfaune, pauvre à moyennement riche, valanginienne à barrémienne, àPraedorothia ouachensis (Sigal), appartenant à la Zone àPraedorothia ouachensis. L'intervalle Hauterivien-Aptien est caractérisé par les Zones àGavelinella barremiana, Gaudryina dividens et Conorotalites aptiensis. Au cours de l'Albien une faune d'extension mondiale de foraminifères agglutinés et calcaires appartenant à la Zone àPseudoclavu-lina gaultina, s'est établie dans les aires où ne règnaient pas les conditions de formation de shales noirs. L'Albien supérieur et le Cénomanien sont représentés par la Zone àGavelinella cenomanica. Dans l'intervalle Berriasien-Albien, un rôle biostratigraphique de quelque importance est joué par quelques espèces de Nodosariides à coquilles ornementées (Citharina, Lenticulina) ainsi queGavelinella, Conorotalites, Pleurostomella, Valvulineria et Osangularia. Les zones établies parMoullade (1984) pour le Berriasien-Albien de la Téthys et du DSDP ne sont pas partout utilisables, en raison de l'extension verticale trop grande des foraminifères utilisés.Dans l'Océan Indien, un âge exact ne peut être assigné aux faunes de foraminifères néocomiennes considérées jusqu'ici comme «australes» (site 261): ces faunes renferment surtout des formes agglutinées primitives, car les tests calcaires ont été généralement dissous ou remaniés.Dans l'Océan Pacifique, la plupart des microfaunes berriasiennes à aptiennes sont de faible intérêt biostratigraphique et paléo-écologique, en raison des mauvais rendements des carottes, de contaminations ou de leur pauvreté originelle (facies des shales noirs). A partir de l'Albien, on trouve une faune plus diversifiée de foraminifères agglutinés et calcaires, comportant des espèces caractéristiques de la Zone àPseudoclavulina gaultina. Comme d'ordinaire, la limite Albiencénomanien est définie par les foraminifères planctoniques, aucun autre foraminifère n'apparaissant dans cet intervalle, saufGavelinella cenomanica.A l'Albien, la faune de foraminifères est uniforme à l'échelle mondiale, sans distinction de provinces.

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, 1, 11, 13, 17, 25, 27, 32, 36, 41, 43, 44, 50 62 DSDP, , . , 1–80 . . , , - Praedorothia ouachensis (Sigal) — . : Gavelinella barremiana, Gaudryina dividens Conorotalites aptiensis,, , , Pseudoclavulina gaultina. Gavelinella ni. - Praedorothia, Gaudryina, Pseudoclavulina, (Citharina, Lenticulina), Gavelinella, Conorotalites, Pleurostomella, Valvulineria Osangularia. , moullade (1984) - , .. , , . .: 261, , «», . . , . , . . , - - , , ( ). , , , Pseudoclavulina gaultina. T. . Gavelinella ni (brotzen) , , , . .

     

Cornetite: Modulated densely-packed Cu2+ oxysalt

Summary The crystal structure of cornetite, Cu₃(PO₄)(OH)₃, orthorhombic, a = 10.854(1), b = 14.053(3), c = 7.086(2), Å, V = 1080.8(3) ų, Z = 8, space group Pbca, has been refined to an R-index of 3.9% for 1231 observed reflections (I > 3I), measured with MoK X-radiation on an automated four-circle diffractometer. The structure consists of edge sharing zig-zag chains of distorted octahedra, cross-linked by edge-sharing octahedral dimers into complex octahedral layers. Adjacent layers are corner-linked together by neighbouring octahedra and PO₄ tetrahedra into a densely-packed heteropolyhedral framework, in which the phosphate tetrahedra share edges with the octahedral dimers. The polyhedral layers exhibit a commensurate modulation that results from the interaction between local relaxation of Jahn-Teller distorted octahedra and the long-range requirements of translational periodicity.

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Cornetit: Ein moduliertes, dicht gepacktes Oxosalz des zweiwertigen Kupfers

Zusammenfassung Die Kristallstruktur des Cornetits, Cu₃(PO4)(OH)3, orthorhombisch, a = 10,854(1), b = 14,053(3), c = 7,086(2,) Å, V = 1080,8(3) ų, Z = 8, Raumgruppe Pbca, wurde mit 1231 beobachteten Röntgenreflexen (I > 3I), die mit MoK-Strahlung auf einem automatischen Vierkreis-Diffraktometer gesammelt worden waren, auf einen R-Wert von 3,9% verfeinert. Die Struktur besteht aus kantenverknüpften Zickzack-Ketten verzerrter Oktaeder, die über kantenverknüfte Oktaeder-Dimere zu komplizierten Oktaederschichten verbunden sind. Benachbarte Schichten sind über Ecken durch benachbarte Oktaeder und PO₄-Tetraeder zu einem dichtgepackten, heteropolyedrischen Gerüst verknüpft, in welchem die Phosphattetraeder mit den Oktaeder-Dimeren Kanten gemeinsam haben. Die Polyederschichten zeigen eine kommensurable Modulierung, die aus der Wechselwirkung zwischen der lokalen Relaxation von Jahn-Teller-verzerrten Oktaedern und den Forderungen der translatorischen Periodizität über größere Entfernungen resultiert.

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With 5 Figures     

Planning for coastal zone management programme in Nigeria

Conclusions The coastal zone in Nigeria has some problems and if both the Federal and the State Governments continue their movements away from viewing the coastal zone as an important and ecologically unique and fragile environment, the problem will retard the resources of the area. Developing countries like Nigeria lag behind the developed world in the provision of legislations to protect their citizens, coastal environment, and companies and firms. Presently, the development of Nigeria strictly comes from the coastal zone, therefore Government at all levels must be brought to see the coastal zones as a district and important region, and to provide a CZMP network capable of successfully resolving the issues particular to it.     

Developing perspectives upon the areal extent of Israel: An outline evaluation

This paper considers certain proposals for the future of the present Israeli-Occupied Territories. An essential yet brief review of various backgrounds, including the notion of Eretz Yisrael, is presented. The two principal Israeli viewpoints on the future of the territories, the Eretz Yisrael and the Regional Compromise positions are considered in some detail. While the so-termed Jordanian Option is outlined the Joshua Option is introduced as it may possibly indicate an even broader dimension for future deliberations and actions. A brief introduction to the proceeding study of Jewish settlement-development in the Samarian core is presented. The importance of such fieldwork is stressed. The overall contentious nature of the subject is emphasized yet academic consideration must proceed.     

Resource partitioning and regional development strategies in the Ecuadorian Amazon

This paper argues that the process of establishing claims and control over resources, referred to as resource partitioning, structures frontier societies in ways which impede subsequent efforts at rural development. Conflicts over claims to resources create divisions among local elites which prevent the formation of coalitions to promote development. Struggles for control over the flow of resources out of a region cause regional development agencies to pursue transportation policies which retard development by isolating the region from all but one commercial center. A case study of resource partitioning and rural development efforts in the Ecuadorian Amazon illustrates the argument.     

Forty years of rain forest ecology 1948–1988 in perspective

The main fields of research in tropical rain forest ecology today are briefly described and the development of the subject over the past forty years is outlined.     

Thrust tectonics along the north-western continental margin of Sabah/Borneo

Widely accepted plate tectonic models suggest that an inactive subduction zone lies along the north-west continental margin of Sabah. In contrast, interpretation of reflection seismic data acquired by BGR shows an autochthonous continental terrane comprising an Oligocene to Early Miocene carbonate platform being progressively overthrust by an allochthonous rock complex. Progressive compression resulted in the development of four structural zones: Imbricated thrust sheets (Zone III); two thrust sheet systems one on top of the other (Zone IV); a complex zone with multiphase deformation (Zone V); and piercement ridges (Zone VI).

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Zusammenfassung Nach herkömmlichen plattentektonischen Vorstellungen soll eine inaktive Subduktionszone am nordwestlichen Kontinentalrand von Sabah liegen. Reflexionsseismische Meßdaten der BGR zeigen jedoch, daß hier autochthone kontinentale Kruste mit einer oligozänen-frühmiozänen Karbonatplattform progressiv von einem allochthonen Gesteinsverband überschoben wird. Fortschreitender Zusammenschub seit dem frühen Miozän führte zur Anlage von vier Deformationszonen: Tekonische Schuppen (Zone III); zwei übereinander geschobene Verschuppungssysteme (Zone IV); Gürtel mit mehrphasiger Deformation (Zone V) und Durchspießungsstrukturen (Zone VI).

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Résumé Les modèles géodynamiques que l'on admet habituellement comportent une zone de subduction inactive le long de la marge continentale nord-occidentale de Sabah. Toutefois, des mesures de sismique-réflexion exécutées par le BGR font apparaître qu'à cet endroit, une croûte continentale autochtone, comportant une plateforme carbonatée oligocène à éomiocène, est chevauchée progressivement par un complexe allochtone. La compression, qui s'est manifestée progressivement depuis le Miocène inférieur, a engendré quatre zones structurales: un ensemble d'écailles tectoniques (zone III); deux systèmes de lames tectoniques charriés l'un sur l'autre (zone IV); une zone complexe à déformation multiphasée (zone V); des structures d'extrusion tectonique (zone VI).

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, - Sabah'a. , - . 4-? : ( 3), ( 4) ( 5) ( 6).

     

The performance of Nigeria's fishery sector: an empirical analysis, 1976–85

London is an international tourist destination and one of the world's most well known tourist capitals. Over 23 million overseas and domestic visitors contributed £ 4700 million to the city's economy in 1987. In this paper, the implications of a continued growth in international and domestic tourism are considered in the light of recent predictions which envisage that London's overseas and domestic visitors will rise from 23 million in 1987 to 27 million in 1990. One of the most pressing issues which tourist agencies such as the London Tourist Board face, is directing some tourists to new areas and attractions away from the existing concentration in the West End of London. In this paper, the existing and proposed development of tourism in the East End of London (London Docklands) will beexamined as a new area with the potential to attract visitors from the West End. London Docklands has attracted international attention due to the prestigious and controversial regeneration of the area where commercial and residential development has been stimulated by a government funded Urban Development Corporation. Tourist and leisure developments seem set to bring a lasting economic benefit to the area though they have attracted very little attention to date.     

Jari: A pulp plantation in the Brazilian Amazon

Jari plantation is the largest pulp growing operation in the humid tropics, and occupies about 1000 sqkm previously covered by tropical forest. A study of five sites at Jari in 1980 indicated declining soil fertility, and low productivity of pulpwood. Low pulp production at Jari was caused by several factors, one of which appeared to be low soil fertility. The sams sites were re-evaluated in 1987. There was no discernable trend in either nutrients or productivity since 1980.Although productivity and nutrient stocks may have stabilized, low profitability caused by low pulp production resulted in the sale of Jari in 1982, for a $ 720 million loss. Despite growth rates at Jari which were too low to produce a profit on original investment, another plantation is planned for the eastern Amazon which is 10 times the size of Jari.