内蒙古东南部降水相态判据的对比分析

利用内蒙古东南部通辽、赤峰两站1992—2012年的地面和探空数据,针对两地雨、雨夹雪和雪等不同的降水相态进行对比分析,结果表明:通辽站降雨或雨夹雪时850hPa气温特征较为接近,赤峰站降雨夹雪或雪时850hPa气温特征较为接近;通辽站850~700hPa两层之间的厚度降雨夹雪或雪时特征相近,赤峰站降雨或雨夹雪时特征相近,在箱线图中两层之间的厚度与850hPa温度分别对3种相态出现完全相反的叠加。在850、925hPa气温的判别指标中,赤峰较通辽站:降雨时分别高1.5℃和1.7℃、降雪时分别高2.4℃和3.8℃。气温(T)统计表明:降雨时通辽站气温在4.0℃以上、赤峰站气温在6.0℃以上,降雪时两站均T≤0.0℃,两站气温在0.0℃T≤4.0℃(通辽站,赤峰站为6.0℃)为雨、雨夹雪和雪共同出现的温度区间。虽然两站阈值大小有较大差异,但3种降水相态的出现均与中、低层厚度和低层气温密切相关,与中层的气温关系甚小,说明该地区中、低层厚度和低层气温高低决定地面降水相态。     

东半球空间环境地基综合监测子午链简介

“东半球空间环境地基综合监测子午链”（简称子午工程）是我国空间科学领域开工建设的第一个国家重大基础设施项目。子午工程利用沿东半球120°E子午线附近和北纬30°N附近的15个综合性观测台站,运用无线电、地磁、光学和探空火箭等多种探测手段,连续监测地球表面20—30km以上到几百公里的中高层大气、电离层和磁层,以及十几个地球半径以外的行星际的空间环境参数。它将为我国各类用户提供完整、连续、可靠的多学科、多层次的空间环境地基综合监测数据。子午工程总投资1．67亿元,建设期3年,子午工程整体科学寿命预计超过11年。     

海洋纤维增强热塑性立管极限承载拉力预测方法

海洋新型纤维增强热塑性立管因其可盘卷、耐腐蚀、耐疲劳和轻质化等优点,在深水油气开发中应用前景十分广阔。热塑性立管具有复合材料的各向异性、受力耦合效应及复杂的本构关系,且承受浮体运动和复杂海洋环境载荷,其失效模式尚未明确。针对轴对称载荷作用下纤维增强热塑性立管极限承载力问题,进行热塑性管稳态热传导和热应力的理论推导,求解了稳态温度和应力分布,首次给出了在任意温度载荷作用下管体径向位移的解析解,并直接求解其径向、轴向、环向和剪切应力。采用各向同性层Von Mises和各向异性层最大应力（Max Stress）准则或Tsai-Hill准则判定热塑性管的失效,基于应力分布、失效准则和二分法计算了热塑性管的极限载荷。温度载荷、纤维铺设角度和径厚比对管道的应力分布影响显著。不同温度载荷会改变失效指数沿径向的变化趋势,增大轴向拉力将增大热塑性管的失效指数,选用不同的失效准则在管体失效判定上存在一定的差异。热塑性管温度越低、纤维铺设角越小及径厚比越大,管道对轴向拉伸载荷的承载能力越强。     

应用地理信息系统处理地质信息的探讨——以在河北省晚古生代岩相古地理研究中的应用为例

本文介绍了ＧＩＳ的基本概念原理，分析了应用ＧＩＳ处理地质信息的可行性和优越性，并以在河北晚古生代岩相古地理研究中的应用为实例，介绍了应用ＧＩＳ处理分析地质信息的一般方法。最后分析了ＧＩＳ处理地质信息方面还存在的一些问题，笔者认为，随着ＧＩＳ技术及其基础学科的不断发展，ＧＩＳ在处理地质信息方面将显示出更大的潜力     

深层气理论分析和深层气潜势研究

近年来的一些文献表述深层气时在"深层"和"深部"名词概念上容易造成不必要的费解。就沉积层而言,宜将生油主带（生油窗）作为"深"的界限,从此界限开始到基底以上地层范围的天然气统统称为"深层气";就整个地球而言,宜将沉积层结晶基底和该基底以下的天然气统统称为"深部气"。当然,还应更多地注意来源于深部"深生浅储"的"深层气"。深层气的形成与地壳烃类形成的垂直分带性有关。在一定的历史时期和一定的沉积盆地油气形成分带性理论对勘探实践发挥了一定的指导作用,随着油气地质科研和勘探实践的发展,人们逐渐发现了油气形成分带性理论中油相消失和气相生成带开始门限指标的局限性。不同盆地有不同深度的生油主带,因而也有不同深度范围生气主带（干气带）。腐泥型有机质的演化需要更高的活化能,而需更高的温度和更大的深度,其生气主带深于腐殖型有机质源岩层的位置。生气主带有机质演化受多种因素控制,其中温度、深度和时间是重要因素,引起深层温度升高的条件有地球动力和深部热流等。古生界以前的重大生物地质事件为深层气形成准备了有机质及其演化条件,从物质基础上讲,深层气有巨大的资源潜势。油气形成的地球动力学观点及其他新观点为研究深层气提供了新的思路,岩石圈的烃类资源远未枯竭,被发现和开采的资源仅是其中的一部分,更多的需在深部去发掘。     

风云三号降水测量雷达技术性能分析

风云三号降水测量卫星主要用于台风等灾害性天气系统强降水的监测,并提供全球中低纬度地区降水的结构信息。降水三维结构的准确测量是通过风云三号降水测量卫星的核心载荷——双频降水测量雷达实现的。首先介绍了风云三号降水测量雷达的主要任务与探测能力要求,然后通过仿真技术对降水测量雷达距离分辨率、水平分辨率、扫描角度、天线旁瓣电平、测量精度、波束匹配精度等主要技术性能指标进行了详细的分析。最后,利用于2010年开展的降水测量雷达样机航空校飞试验评估验证了降水测量雷达的各项功能和主要性能参数。结果表明,风云三号降水测量雷达整体降水探测性能与全球降水测量卫星的双频降水雷达相当。     

巨野煤田赵楼井田构造发育规律

在野外地质和勘查资料分析的基础上,结合区域构造背景,论述了赵楼井田构造发育、组合及分布规律。研究表明：石炭-二叠纪成煤期后,多期性质、强度不同的构造作用相互叠加、改造,致使赵楼井田构造以断裂为主．褶皱发育次之。断裂构造主要有近NS、NW、NE及NNE向四组,其中以NE、NNE向为主,NW向断层组多为落差、延展长度都较小的断层。断裂以正断层为主,在剖面上主要表现为堑-垒构造组合,这种组合特征不仅使矿井构造更加复杂,而且使煤层的连续性受到破坏。井田东南部断层发育,断层叠加于早期的褶皱之上,破坏了褶皱的完整性．构成井田的构造复杂区。赵楼井田构造发育规律及成因机制的研究为今后矿井建设与生产提供了地质依据。     

Relationship between the variation of water quality in rivers and the characteristics of watershed at Miyun,Beijing, China

Based on the characteristics of land use and drainage network of the upper watershed of the Miyun Res-ervoir, Beijing, 26 monitoring and sampling sites were selected in different sub-catchments. Temporal and spatial variations in nutrient loss were dealt with in this paper in terms of the monitoring data on the water quality of the main tributaries flowing into the Miyun Reservoir. In combination with the monitoring data on water quality, the impacts of watershed characteristics including land-use type, landscape pattern, and drainage density were assessed, The concentrations of nutrients in the rainy season are higher than those in other seasons, and the concentrations of NO3--N are linearly related to those of total N which is the main form of nitrogen present in the fiver water. The concentrations of nitrogen become higher toward the reservoir along the main rivers. The seasonal variation of ni-trogen in the watershed affected by intensive human activities is very obvious; in the watershed with steady or low water flow, the seasonal variation of nitrogen is less obvious. Forest land and grassland can trap and filter nitrogen effectively. Land-use pattern also has important impacts on the loss of nitrogen. The concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in the water bodies show great temporal and spatial variations. On a temporal scale, the concentrations of TN and TP in the rainy reason are higher than those in other seasons. On a spatial scale, the concentrations of TN and NO3--N in the Qingshui River and Chaohe River are highest all the time. The spatial variation of TP is distinct, being obvious at sampling sites near villages. The form of nitrogen and phosphorus loss varies in different hydrological seasons. Dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus are the main forms in streams in non-rainy seasons, the dissolved nitro-gen and total nitrogen decrease in percentage in the rainy season. Particulate nitrogen and phosphorus are the main forms in some rivers. The concentrations of TN and NO3--N from orchards and villages are high whereas those from forest land are lowest. Land-use pattern has impacts on TN and NO3--N losses, at the sampling sites near the source landscape, the concentrations are higher than those at the sampling sites near the sink landscape. Water quality of the rivers which flow into the Miyuan Reservior is influenced by the composition of adjacent soils.     

应用微机监测系统随钻识别地层与孔内工况

钻探微机监测系统可随钻监测和记录９个钻进参数，绘制４～６条回次过程曲线，提示孔内情况，声光报警。在生产现场，操作者可根据显示的提示和曲线等信息，识别孔底地层变化情况，进行见矿预报，保证好的地质效果，该系统还可辅助操作者识别孔内烧钻，钻杆折断，岩心堵塞等异常工况，从而降低事故率，提高钻探效率。     

The Lower Changjiang (Yangzi/Yangtze River) metallogenic belt, east central China: intrusion- and wall rock-hosted Cu–Fe–Au, Mo, Zn, Pb, Ag deposits

The lower valley of Changjiang, from Wuhan of the Hubei Province in the west to Zhenjiang of the Jiangsu Province in the east, contains more than 200 polymetallic (Cu–Fe–Au, Mo, Zn, Pb, Ag) deposits and is one of the most important metallogenic belts in China. This metallogenic belt, situated at the northern margin of the Yangzi craton and bordered by the Dabieshan ultrahigh pressure metamorphic belt to the north, consists mainly of Cambrian–Triassic marine clastic sedimentary rocks and carbonate and evaporite rocks, which overlay a Precambrian basement and are intruded by Yanshanian (205 to 64 Ma) granitoid intrusions and subvolcanic complexes. Repeated tectonism from Late Proterozoic to Triassic resulted in extensively developed networks of faults and folds involving the Cambrian–Triassic sedimentary strata and the Precambrian basement. The Yanshanian granitoid intrusions and subvolcanic complexes in the Lower Changjiang metallogenic belt are characterized by whole-rock δ¹⁸O of +8‰ to +10‰, initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr of 0.704 to 0.708, and εNd^t from −10 to −17 and have been interpreted to have originated from mixing between juvenile mantle and old crustal materials. Also, the Yanshanian granitoids exhibit eastward younging and increase in alkalinity (i.e., from older calc–alkaline in the west to younger subalkaline–alkaline in the east), which are related to oblique collision between the Yangzi and Sino-Korean cratons and tectonic evolution from early compressional to late extensional or rifting regimes. Most polymetallic deposits in the Lower Changjiang metallogenic belt are clustered in seven districts where the Yanshanian magmatism is particularly extensive: from west to east, Edong, Jiurui, Anqing–Guichi, Luzhong, Tongling, Ningwu and Ningzhen. Mineralization is characterized by the occurrence of three distinct types of orebodies in individual deposits: orebodies in Yanshanian granitoid intrusions, skarn orebodies at the contact zones between the Yanshanian intrusions and Late Paleozoic–Early Mesozoic sedimentary rocks, and stratabound massive sulfide orebodies in the Late Paleozoic–Early Mesozoic sedimentary strata. The most important host sedimentary strata are the Middle Carboniferous Huanglong Formation, Lower Permian and Lower–Middle Triassic carbonate and evaporite rocks. The intrusion-hosted and skarn orebodies exhibit well-developed zonation in alteration assemblages, metal contents, and isotopic compositions within individual deposits, and apparently formed from hydrothermal activities related to the Yanshanian magmatism. The stratabound massive sulfide orebodies in the Late Paleozoic–Early Mesozoic sedimentary strata have long been suggested to have formed from sedimentary or volcano-sedimentary exhalative processes in shallow marine environments. However, extensive research over the last 40 years failed to produce unequivocal evidence for syngenetic mineralization. On the basis of geological relationships and isotope geochemical characteristics, we propose a carbonate-hosted replacement deposit model for the genesis of these stratabound massive sulfide orebodies and associated skarn orebodies. This model suggests that epigenetic mineralization resulted from interactions between magmatic fluids evolved from the Yanshanian intrusions with carbonate and evaporite wall rocks. Mineralization was an integral but distal part of the larger hydrothermal systems that formed the proximal skarn orebodies at the contact zones and the intrusion-hosted orebodies. The stratabound massive sulfide deposits of the Lower Changjiang metallogenic belt share many features with the well-studied, high-temperature, carbonate-hosted replacement deposits of northern Mexico and western United States, particularly with respect to association with small, shallow granitoid complexes, structural and stratigraphic controls on mineralization, alteration assemblages, geometry of orebodies, metal association, metal zonation and isotopic systematics.