Overview of Researches on All-Sky Satellite Microwave Data Variational Assimilation

As the important components of the earth’s atmospheric system, cloud and precipitation strongly affect the global hydrology and energy cycles through the interaction of solar and infrared radiation with cloud droplets and the release of latent heat in precipitation development. The microwave observations in cloudy and rainy conditions have a large amount of information closely related to the development of weather systems, especially the severe weather systems like typhoon and rainstorm. Nevertheless, satellite microwave observations are usually only assimilated in clear-sky above the ocean and their cloud and precipitation content is discarded. Over the past two decades, several Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) centers have gradually developed the “all-sky” approach to make use of the cloud- and precipitation-affected microwave radiances. It’s been proved that the all-sky assimilation can be used to improve the first guessed mass, wind, humidity, cloud and precipitation through the tracer effect. For providing an investigated reference for the future research of all-weather assimilation in domestic numerical weather forecast, this paper reviewed the all-sky assimilation methods using microwave observation data, analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of each method, and discussed the key technical problems and the existing difficulties and challenges in this field. With the development and application of the new generation of NWP model in China, advancing the domestic research of all-weather data assimilation technology will bring more scientific and practical benefits in the future.     

Effects of spring–summer grazing on longitudinal dune surface in southern Gurbantunggut Desert

Intensive grazing in spring–summer has been responsible for environmental degradation of the Gurbantunggut Desert in recent years. The coverage of plants and biological crusts, sand surface stability and physicochemical characteristics of soil on the dune surface were conducted in 2002 (winter grazing) and 2005 (spring–summer grazing). The results showed that over 80% of the total area of the dune surface was covered by well-developed biological crusts and plants in 2002, when the interdune and middle to lower part of dune slopes were stabilized and only the crest had 10–40 m wide mobile belt. Affected by spring–summer grazing in 2005, over 80% of the total cover of biological crust was destructed and the plant coverage only reached 1/5 of that in 2002, especially the ephemeral plant cover had a great change. The value of sand transport potential in 2005 only reached 1/3 of that in 2002, but the total surface activity in 2005 was 1.6 times stronger than that in 2002. Meanwhile the mobile area began to expand from the dune top to the whole dune surface following spring–summer grazing. Compared with 2002, medium sand content of the dune surface soil increased by 13.9%, while that of fine and very fine sands decreased by 7.4% and 8.0% respectively in 2005 and the soil organic matter in 2005 was only about 1/2 of that in 2002. It is obvious that the presence of snow cover and frozen soil in winter could avoid the surface structure destruction in winter, while spring–summer grazing made excessive damage to biologic crusts and ephemeral plants. Spring is the main windy season in Gurbantunggut Desert and therefore intensive activity of dune surface occurred following spring–summer grazing, which led to a great loss of fine sand and organic matter. It can be seen that grazing season have a significant influence on the sustainable development of the desert ecosystem in Northwest China. Foundation: National Basic Research Program of China, No.2009CB421303; National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.40771032; National Science Supporting Program, No.2007BAC17B03 Author: Wang Xueqin (1964–), Ph.D and Associate Professor, specialized in aeolian sand geomorphology, desertification and its control.     

Rock burst assessment in multi-seam mining: a case study

To assess rock burst prone zones in the lower seam during multi-seam mining, a rock burst hazard assessment method for use in multi-seam mining was established. According to the observed geological evolution, the feasibility of using upper layer coal mining data to determine the rock burst risk zone of the lower coal seam is explained. Then, we established the energy density risk index (EDRI) and proved that the EDRI more accurately reflected the potential rock burst region than the multi-factor coupling analysis method. Finally, we established the rock burst hazard assessment method for use in multi-seam mining by using the EDRI of the upper coal to divide the rock burst risk zone in the lower coal. From the accuracy and validity analysis of this assessment method, we find that the critical energy induced rock burst, and the damage area of a rock burst in the lower coal seam were all located in the high-risk zone derived from this assessment method. To quantify the effectiveness and practicability of this assessment method, the structural similarity (SSIM) index, from image quality assessment research, was introduced. The SSIM index between predicted-high-risk map and actual high-risk map index was 0.8581, which shows that the established rock burst hazard assessment method in multi-seam mining can be used to predict rock burst risk zones in the lower seam.     

欧洲某潮汐电站蓄水砂芯防波堤坝断面优化设计研究

为了对欧洲某潮汐电站蓄水砂芯防波堤坝断面进行设计优化,从工程环境、设计要求、断面结构选择、结构稳定性优化、施工和工程造价等方面进行对比分析研究。结果显示,高潮差、长周期波条件下石头围埝方案的砂芯防波堤坝断面满足该项目优化设计要求,该结构断面为类似工程项目提供借鉴和参考。     

古尔班通古特沙漠典型灌木群落土壤化学计量特征及其影响因素

对古尔班通古特沙漠3种典型灌木群落77个样地的0～10 cm层土壤及环境因子进行调查取样,分析了土壤有机碳（C）、全氮（N）、全磷（P）及全钾（K）的化学计量特征及其影响因素。结果表明：土壤C、N、P、K含量均值分别为1.057、0.133、0.319、14.11 g·kg^-1,C∶N、C∶P、C∶K、N∶P、N∶K、P∶K值分别为8.124、3.486、0.099、0.434、0.013、0.034。本研究土壤C、N、P养分元素含量及其化学计量比均远低于全球及全国平均水平。C∶N和P含量具有较高的稳定性（CV=19.26%和22.46%）,而K、C∶K、N∶K和P∶K变异性较强（CV=52.17%～80.30%）。土壤化学计量特征在不同群落类型间、不同结皮类型间均有一定差异。C-N、C-K、P-K之间以及土壤养分与其化学计量比之间具有显著的非线性耦合关系,可用二次函数、幂函数或指数函数等非线性函数表征。相关性分析和CCA排序分析表明,除C∶N不受所调查环境因子影响外,土壤化学计量特征主要受经度、纬度、年降水量、生物结皮发育等级、电导率及海拔的影响。     

北京市不同土地利用方式下土壤铅的积累

通过对北京市菜地、稻田、果园、绿化地、麦地以及自然土壤等土地利用类型600个土壤的监测分析,探讨了不同土地利用方式对土壤铅积累的影响。研究结果表明,全部土壤样品中铅浓度的几何平均值为26.6 mg/kg,显著高于北京市土壤背景值 (24.6 mg/kg),呈现出明显的积累趋势。不同土地利用方式对土壤铅积累有明显影响,其中绿化地土壤的平均铅浓度最高,依次为果园、菜地、稻田、自然土壤,麦地平均铅浓度最低,绿化地土壤的铅浓度要显著高于除果园外的其他土地利用类型。果园土壤的铅浓度同样与其他大多数土地利用类型的土壤有较显著的差别。以基线值为标准,除自然土壤外,其他5种土地利用类型下均有不同程度的样品超标：果园超标率最高 (21.4%),其他分别为绿化地18.2%,菜地11.1%,稻田8.3%,麦地5.2%;样品总体的超标率为7.2%。从行政区域来看,城区土壤的铅浓度高于近郊区,近郊区要明显高于远郊区土壤,超标样点主要分布在昌平、朝阳、大兴、丰台、海淀、石景山区等城区或近郊区,因而土壤铅浓度有从城市中心区向外逐渐降低的趋势。在本研究中,大气沉降、垃圾填埋以及农药施用等人类活动可能是影响不同土地利用类型下土壤铅积累浓度的重要原因。     

MIGRATION CHARACTERISTICS OF MICROELEMENTS IN PROCESS OF LANDSCAPE GEOCHEMISTRY IN MT.NAMJAGBARWA AREA

To provide scientific basis for appraising natural resources in Mt. Namjagbarwa area, the migration characteristics of geochemical microelements, such as Zn, V, Ti, Pb, Ni, Cu, Cr, Co, Be and Ba, in the landscape zones of alpine scrub and meadow, the mountainous dark coniferous forest, the mountainous mixed broadleaf and coniferous forest, the mountainous quasi-subtropical semi-evergreen broadleaf forest, the mountainous subtropical evergreen broadleaf forest, and the valley quasi-tropical monsoon rainforest have been described in the paper.     

Research on the direction of secondary migration of oil by making use of nitrogen compounds as tracers in the No. 6 area of the Melut Basin

1 IntroductionThe application of isomeric-nitrogen compounds astracers to oil-migration research is a piece of innovatorywork, and also a newbreakthrough made in non-hydro-carbon geochemistry research. At present, a lot ofwork has been done on nitrogen co…     

A web-based land surface remote sensing products validation system (LAPVAS): application to albedo product

Quantitative remote sensing product (QRSP) validation is a complex process to assess the accuracy and uncertainty independently using reference data with multiple land cover types and long-time series. A web-based system named as LAnd surface remote sensing Product VAlidation system (LAPVAS) is described in this paper, which is used to implement the QRSPs validation process automatically. The LAPAVS has two subsystems, the Validation Databases Subsystem and the Accuracy Evaluation Subsystem. Three functions have been implemented by the two subsystems for a comprehensive QRSP validation: (1) a standardized processing of reference data and storage of these data in validation databases; (2) a consistent and comprehensive validation procedure to assess the QRSPs’ accuracy and uncertainty; and (3) a visual process customization tool with which the users can register new validation data, host new reference data, and readjust the validation workflows for the QRSP accuracy assessment. In LAPVAS, more than 100 GB of reference data warehoused in validation databases for 13 types of QRSPs’ validation. One of the key QRSPs, land surface albedo, is selected as an example to illustrate the application of LAPVAS. It is demonstrated that the LAPVAS has a good performance in the land surface remote sensing product validation.     

Catastrophic debris flows triggered by the 20 August 2019 rainfall,a decade since the Wenchuan earthquake,China

Landslides - Enhanced debris flow activity observed after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, Sichuan Province, SW China, is still intense more than a decade since the earthquake. A heavy rainstorm on 20...