滨里海盆地东部盐下成藏主控因素及勘探思路

滨里海盆地普遍发育一套下二叠统空谷阶盐岩层 ,是良好的区域性盖层 ,它把盆地分为盐上和盐下两大复合成藏组合。海西运动晚期 ,盆地东部地区断续、强烈的构造运动决定了地层空间展布、组合特点 ,控制了三个成藏带的形成 ,共发育三套成藏组合。盆地东部地区盐下油气藏规模、储量较大 ,大中型油气藏主要与石炭系两套海相碳酸盐岩层 (KT Ⅰ和KT Ⅱ )有关。在盆地东部发现的 10个盐下油气藏中 ,KT Ⅰ、KT Ⅱ产层的盖层均为其顶部泥岩层。下石炭统生物碎屑灰岩和下二叠统页岩是有效生油岩 ,分散有机质属混合类型。储层类型以孔隙型为主 ,溶洞型、孔洞型储层较发育 ,裂缝型储层偶尔发育 ;储层的次生改造作用非常重要。石炭系碳酸盐岩储层普遍分布 ,油气成藏主要受圈闭位置及其特点所控制。 90 %以上的失利探井是因为构造不落实 ,精确落实构造圈闭的具体位置 ,成为勘探的重中之重。     

Numerical analysis for cooling effect of open boundary ripped-rock embankment on Qinghai-Tibetan railway

At present, the Qinghai-Tibetan railway is being built, and it will pass across more than 550-km perma-frost regions. Therefore, the key to the stability of therailway embankment lies in solving the permafrost problem. Because global warming and existence of railway tend to degrade the permafrost in these re-gions[1], more difficulties and problems are induced in the construction and maintenance of railway. In the area where the mean annual air temperature is higher than a certain value, the …     

考虑接连两次地震影响的群体建筑物震害预测方法

利用文献[2]推荐的方法得到了不同地震组合情况下的等效地震影响系数,将其与传统的钢筋混凝土框架结构震害预测方法相结合,得到两次地震作用对建筑物所造成的损伤,进而得到了该类建筑物的群体震害预测结果。结果分析表明,接连两次地震对建筑物的累积破坏作用显著。最后以福建省泉州市规划区范围内的钢筋混凝土框架结构群体震害预测为例,证明了该方法具有简便实用的特点。     

Comparative analysis of real-time precise point positioning zenith total delay estimates

The continuous evolution of global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) meteorology has led to an increased use of associated observations for operational modern low-latency numerical weather prediction (NWP) models, which assimilate GNSS-derived zenith total delay (ZTD) estimates. The development of NWP models with faster assimilation cycles, e.g., 1-h assimilation cycle in the rapid update cycle NWP model, has increased the interest of the meteorological community toward sub-hour ZTD estimates. The suitability of real-time ZTD estimates obtained from three different precise point positioning software packages has been assessed by comparing them with the state-of-the-art IGS final troposphere product as well as collocated radiosonde (RS) observations. The ZTD estimates obtained by BNC2.7 show a mean bias of 0.21 cm, and those obtained by the G-Nut/Tefnut software library show a mean bias of 1.09 cm to the IGS final troposphere product. In comparison with the RS-based ZTD, the BNC2.7 solutions show mean biases between 1 and 2 cm, whereas the G-Nut/Tefnut solutions show mean biases between 2 and 3 cm with the RS-based ZTD, and the ambiguity float and ambiguity fixed solutions obtained by PPP-Wizard have mean biases between 6 and 7 cm with the references. The large biases in the time series from PPP-Wizard are due to the fact that this software has been developed for kinematic applications and hence does not apply receiver antenna eccentricity and phase center offset (PCO) corrections on the observations. Application of the eccentricity and PCO corrections to the a priori coordinates has resulted in a 66 % reduction of bias in the PPP-Wizard solutions. The biases are found to be stable over the whole period of the comparison, which are criteria (rather than the magnitude of the bias) for the suitability of ZTD estimates for use in NWP nowcasting. A millimeter-level impact on the ZTD estimates has also been observed in relation to ambiguity resolution. As a result of a comparison with the established user requirements for NWP nowcasting, it was found that both the G-Nut/Tefnut solutions and one of the BNC2.7 solutions meet the threshold requirements, whereas one of the BNC2.7 solution and both the PPP-Wizard solutions currently exceed this threshold.     

Extracting damages caused by the 2008 Ms 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake from SAR remote sensing data

Bad weather conditions usually limit the acquisition of optical remote sensing images, while all day and all weather synthetic aperture radar (SAR) shows the ability of providing timely remote sensing data for emergency response and rescue works after earthquake. Because SAR is sensitive to the surface changes caused by earthquake, the modified electromagnetic behaviour by geological disasters and the collapse of buildings can be recorded in SAR images as backscattering intensity changes. Absolute radiometric calibration was performed to SAR products to derive backscattering coefficient sigma nought from image digital number (DN). Based on change detection methods, Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) data and TerraSAR-X data acquired for the Ms 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake were used to extract earthquake damage information. This study revealed that landslides showed stronger backscattering and barrier lakes showed lower backscattering in post-earthquake 10 m ALOS PALSAR images comparing to pre-earthquake, and collapsed buildings showed lower backscattering compared to un-collapsed buildings in 1 m TerraSAR-X image. Results showed that SAR data with different spatial resolutions are useful for different earthquake damage information extraction: medium spatial resolution SAR data, e.g. 10 m ALOS PALSAR data, were efficient for secondary geological disaster extraction; high-resolution SAR data, e.g. 1 m TerraSAR-X data, with the help of ancillary GIS data or high-resolution optical data, could be used to extract building collapse information in urban areas. This study indicates that SAR remote sensing data can provide earthquake damage information at early emergency stage and assist the field surveying, further damage assessment and post-earthquake reconstruction.     

The simulation of snowmelt runoff in the ungauged Kaidu River Basin of TianShan Mountains,China

Snowmelt runoff is an important source of water resources in the arid mountain area. Modelling snowmelt runoff for cold regions remains a problematic aspect because of the lack of data by gauges in large basins. In order to overcome the shortage of measured data in the snowmelt runoff modelling, the temperature interpolation method would greatly help in improving the simulation accuracy and describing the snow-hydrological behaviours of the study catchments. In this study, the temperature is the principal variable used to estimate the importance of the melting of snow cover using the snowmelt runoff model. Five different temperature interpolation attempts were performed over the Kaidu River Basin for the snowmelt season of the year 2000. Three temperature inputs were taken directly from the individual weather stations in or near the study area, and the other two temperature inputs were interpolated from the three weather stations. The results indicated that the temperature estimated from different methods could result in quite a difference in runoffs in comparison with the observed ones. The simulation results using average temperature from the three stations showed good results; the simulation run with the weighted average temperature generated a lower R ² than the average temperature of three stations and using temperature directly adopted from three individual stations gave various results. The weather stations used to perform the snowmelt runoff simulation should be located in the place which is most representative of the mountain weather conditions, and the land cover and topography that those stations represented also play an important role in the snowmelt runoff simulation.     

A pattern recognition approach to evaluation of soil liquefaction potential using piezocone data

A pattern recognition approach to liquefacation evaluation is propoesed. The state of any soil layer at a level ground site subject to seismic loads is represented by a pattern in a seven-dimensional feature space and can be classified into one of three classes: liquefiable cohesive soil, and non-liquefiable cohesionless soil. The liquefaction potential of the soil layer can be assessed according to the probabilities of the pattern belonging to the three classes. Training patterns derived from field data (piezocone (CPTU) data and maximum ground acceleration) from sites which liquefied or did not liquefy during earthquakes in New Zealand are randomly chosen to design a pattern recognition system to provide an optimal estimation of the liquefaction potential of any soil stratum of interest. Two recognition systems have been set up to estimate the state-conditional probability density function. One is based on a Parzen window approach in which no knowledge of the probabilistic structure of the training patterns is assumed; the other is based on a parameter estimation approach assuming a multivariate normal distribution. The error rate of recognition by the Parzen window approach is 6·9% when taking the window size as 1·5, and the error rate by the parameter estimation approach, which can be easily, is 7·7%. implemented without reference to our training patterns     

TRAJECTORY ANALYSES OF THE DUSTSTORMS OVER EAST ASIA*

The transports of dust are calculated using 3-dimensional(3-D) trajectory method for three cases of duststorms in the terrain-following coordinate system,and the synoptic processes are also discussed for each case.The case of 17-20 April 1980,a severe duststorm was associated with the rapid development of a cyclone over the Mongolia Plateau.The dust moved from west to east across several deserts,formed a typical dust path in spring.The other two were weaker and the dust was triggered by the strong wind behind the cold front from northwest or north.Because the vertical velocity is considered in 3-D trajectory analysis,trajectories calculated should better reveal the transport rule of the dust particles and the results seem to be more consistent with the synoptic processes.The trajectory analysis on the 2-D isobaric surfaces is simpler but can be used only in the conditions with weak vertical wind shear and weak vertical velocity.The difference of trajectories at lower levels between two methods may be caused by the different treatment of orography.