环境影响评价中多源排放的浓度预测

文章首先对评价区进行网格化处理,然后根据评价项目和污染气象特征选择适当的浓度预测模式,最终绘出某种污染物在某一气象条件下各网格上的小时平均浓度叠加值或等浓度分布图。经应用验证,该方法具有数据准确、运算速度快、图型美观等优点,在环境影响评价中具有较高使用价值。     

The impact of errors in predicted GPS orbits on zenith troposphere delay estimation

The impact of precise GPS ephemeris errors on estimated zenith tropospheric delays (ZTD) is studied for applications in meteorology. First, the status of IGS ultra-rapid orbit prediction is presented and specific problems are outlined. Second, a simplified analytical solution of the impact of ephemeris errors on estimated ZTDs is presented. Two widely used methods are studied—the precise point positioning technique (PPP) and the double-difference network approach. A simulation experiment is additionally conducted for the network approach to assess the capability of ephemeris error compensation by the ambiguities. An example of marginal requirements for ephemeris accuracy is presented, assuming the compensation by ZTD only and admitting the error of 1 cm in ZTD. The requirement for the maximum orbit error 1 cm for radial and 8 cm for tangential position components using PPP approach, versus 217 cm (radial) and 19 cm (tangential) using network solution. Furthermore, an assessment of possible compensations of ephemeris errors by other estimated parameters was considered. In radial orbit position, an error of a few meters can be still absorbed by satellite clocks (96%) and phase ambiguities (96%) even for the PPP technique. A tangential orbit position error up to 16 cm for PPP and 38 cm for network solutions should not bias ZTD by more than 1 cm, but any bigger error could, in general. The error impact on ZTD in such cases depends on the compensation ability of ambiguities and clocks (PPP).     

Variations of the temperatures and volumetric unfrozen water contents of fine-grained soils during a freezing–thawing process

Acta Geotechnica - In this study, the variations of the temperatures and volumetric unfrozen water contents for two fine-grained soils (i.e., silty clay and silt) with high degrees of saturation...     

Experimental investigation on physical and mechanical properties of thermal cycling granite by water cooling

Acta Geotechnica - Laboratory tests were conducted to study the physical and mechanical properties of granite after heating and water-cooling treatment for 1 and 30 cycles from room temperature to...     

南四湖滨湖洼地生态工程三种模式研究

自1984年起, 在我国北方最大淡水湖泊——山东省南四湖的滨湖洼地上, 创建丫生态工程的三种模式, 即台田-鱼池联合生产甩、果林-蔬菜-鱼塘分层多级利用胡、农-牧-渔再循环利用沏, 经五年的调查研究, 现场实验及生产实践, 结果证明其生态环境条件得到了改善, 促进了物流的良性循环, 实现了物质及能量的多层分级利用, 在生产上减少了投入、增加了产出。同步取得经济、生态环境及社会效益。这些生态工程模式提出了改良和利用湖泊滩地的一些途径, 并树立了典型, 现在在南四湖地区较广泛地推广中。     

海洋微表层对海气CO2通量影响的研究进展

CO2的海气通量对于研究全球气候变化具有重要的意义。海洋微表层作为CO2在海洋和大气之间传输的重要通道,对于准确估算全球海气CO2通量的大小非常重要。本文主要从微表层中表面活性物质的富集,温度的偏低和与CO2的化学反应3个方面,综述了近年来与微表层相关的CO2通量研究进展,并对未来的相关研究进行了展望。     

供暖地热开采井筒温度损失模型及应用

地下热水开采过程,井筒周围持续散热导致地热水温度降低形成了井筒温度损失。目前关于井筒温度损失的研究很少,在地热利用方案的编写过程中难以确定设计排量下的井口热水温度,致使后续井网部署及单井配产困难,配产量与实际用热需求易产生供需矛盾。该文首次建立了地热井井筒温度损失模型。借助大型有限元软件COMSOL Multiphysics,以华北油田某潜山区块实际生产数据为例,进行热采井筒温度损失影响因素分析,并分别对实际生产中雾迷山组热水井和高于庄组热水井井筒温度损失进行了预测,为下一步地热开采方案的编制提供借鉴和理论指导。     

Evaluation of groundwater supply capacity for agricultural drought emergency relief of Hebei Plain

Drought is the uppermost natural disaster in the Hebei Plain, which during the past 20 years showed a trend of frequency increasing, range extension, longer duration and severer damage. In the Hebei Plain, as a major grain producing area, the agricultural drought emergency relief can only rely on groundwater exploitation. Thus the work to conduct evaluation of groundwater supply capacity for agricultural drought emergency relief of Hebei Plain is of great significance for disaster prevention and relief. In this paper, with the method of analytic hierarchy process, the evaluation index system with reference to 3 aspects and 7 indexes (the former including groundwater resources, groundwater exploitation technical conditions and water supply facilities) and the ArcGIS Desktop ArcMAP software, the work to assess the shallow groundwater supply capacity for agricultural drought emergency relief in the Hebei Plain was carried out.     

生物土壤结皮与种子附属物对4种荒漠植物种子萌发的交互影响

生物土壤结皮能直接或间接地影响维管植物种子萌发与群落建成,种子本身的生物学特征（如种子附属物等）对萌发也存在一定影响。本研究选取古尔班通古特沙漠4种常见的具有不同形态附属物的藜科植物（梭梭（Haloxylon ammodendron ）、粗枝猪毛菜（Salsola subcrassa ）、心叶驼绒藜（Ceratoides ewersmanniana ）和角果藜（Ceratocarpus arenarius ））种子,设置苔藓结皮、地衣结皮和裸沙3种土壤基质,通过去除或保留种子附属物,对比研究了生物土壤结皮与种子附属物对种子萌发的影响。结果表明：粗枝猪毛菜和梭梭的苞片显著抑制了种子萌发（p <0.05）,心叶驼绒藜的柔毛和角果藜的刺状附属物对种子萌发没有显著影响（p >0.05）。与裸沙相比,苔藓结皮显著抑制了4种植物种子的萌发（p <0.05）,地衣结皮显著抑制了粗枝猪毛菜种子的萌发（p <0.01）,而对其他3种植物种子的萌发无显著影响（p >0.05）。同时,附属物与结皮对粗枝猪毛菜种子的萌发还具有交互作用,表现为显著抑制种子萌发（p <0.01）。可见,生物土壤结皮对具有不同附属物的荒漠植物种子萌发具有不同的影响,进而造成维管植物种子萌发的空间异质性,影响维管植物分布和多样性。     

循环与单调加载作用下冻结黄土的变形与损伤特性

针对冻土工程中地基冻土体受力形式复杂、常处于变应力路径、反复加卸载作用问题, 开展了冻结黄土静力条件下的三轴加卸载试验与单调加载对比试验, 研究了两种应力路径下冻结黄土的变形和损伤特性. 通过对比发现, 加载方式对冻结黄土变形特性随围压的变化规律影响不大. 循环加卸载作用下, 冻结黄土的压密变硬增强了其抵抗变形的能力. 卸载阶段, 冻结黄土表现出卸载体胀的弹性现象, 呈现出与融土不同的体变特征. 基于弹性模量的劣化定义了冻结黄土的损伤变量, 并根据试验结果得出了冻结黄土的损伤演化规律可用双曲线函数来描述. 在较低的围压下, 围压增加对冻土损伤的发展有抑制作用; 而当围压足够大时, 由于冰的压碎和压融的出现, 围压增大加剧了损伤的发展.