EGNOS对流层延迟改正模型及其精度分析

对流层延迟是GPS定位中一个主要的误差源,目前处理对流层延迟的主要方法是通过模型法、差分法等;当基线的距离较短时,基线两端气象条件基本相同差分法可以很好地修正对流层延迟误差,当基线的距离很长时,由于基线两端的气象参数差别较大差分法不能很好地消除对流层误差,模型法却能很好地消除对流层误差.对EGNOS模型进行了详细的介绍...     

Single-crystal EPR and DFT studies of a [BO<Subscript>4</Subscript>]<Superscript>0</Superscript> center in datolite: electronic structure,formation mechanism and implications

A natural datolite CaBSiO₄(OH) (Bergen Hill, NJ, USA), before and after gamma-ray irradiation (up to ~70 kGy), has been investigated by single-crystal and powder electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy from 10 to 295 K. EPR spectra of gamma-ray-irradiated datolite show the presence of a boron-associated oxygen hole center (BOHC) and an atomic hydrogen center (H⁰), both of which grow with increasing radiation dose. The principal g and A(¹¹B) values of the BOHC at 10 K are: g ₁ = 2.04817(3), g ₂ = 2.01179(2), g ₃ = 2.00310(2), A ₁ = −0.401(7) mT, A ₂ = −0.906(2) mT, A ₃ = −0.985(2) mT, with the orientations of the g ₁ and A ₁ axes approximately along the B–OH bond direction. These experimental results suggest that the BOHC represents hole trapping on the hydroxyl oxygen atom after the removal of the proton (i.e. a [BO₄]⁰ center): via a reaction O₃BOH → O₃BO^· + H⁰, where · denotes the unpaired electron. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations (CRYSTAL06, B3PW, all-electron basis sets, and 1 × 2 × 2 supercell) support the proposed structural model and yield the following ¹¹B hyperfine coupling constants: A ₁ = −0.429 mT, A ₂ = −0.901 mT, A ₃ = −0.954 mT, in excellent agreement with the experimental results. The [BO₄]⁰ center undergoes the onset of thermal decay at ~200°C and is completely annealed out at 375°C but can be restored readily by gamma-ray irradiation. Isothermal annealing experiments show that the [BO₄]⁰ center exhibits a second-order thermal decay with an activation energy of 0.96 eV. The confirmation of the [BO₄]⁰ center (and its formation from the O₃BOH precursor) in datolite has implications for not only understanding of BOHCs in alkali borosilicate glasses but also their applications to nuclear waste disposal.     

优化EWT-NLM的自适应GNSS高程时间序列降噪方法

提出一种引入样本熵（SE）优化的经验小波变换（EWT）结合非局部均值（NLM）滤波的组合自适应降噪方法。该方法使用SE确定全部经验模态分量中低频有效信号界限,叠加其余中高频分量后进行NLM滤波处理,之后重构滤波信号与有效信号为最终降噪信号,从而达到滤除高频噪声的目的。模拟数据与实测数据的实验结果表明,优化的EWT-NLM方法整体优于EMD、EWT方法,RMSE分别降低13.41%/10.63%（实测数据/模拟数据）、7.13%/5.78%,信噪比分别提升22.03%/22.54%、9.72%/7.42%。     

冲绳海槽沉积物孔隙水地球化学特征及其指示意义

通过对东海外陆坡–冲绳海槽GSW1孔沉积物孔隙水δ₁₃C、δ₁₈O、δ₁₁B、δ₃₇Cl同位素和Cl_-、S O₄^2-、K₊、Na₊等离子指标的分析,探讨了沉积物早期成岩作用、流体来源、迁移和氧化环境的变化。研究发现,GSW1孔孔隙水溶解无机碳主要来自海水和有机质,SO₄^2-浓度随深度下降比较平缓,Cl_-浓度远低于海水,该孔表层沉积物中硫酸盐消耗主要由有机质硫酸盐还原作用（OSR）所控制,甲烷厌氧氧化作用（AOM）发生在4 m以下更深的层位。OSR产生的H₂S向上扩散富集并被氧化,是导致GSW1孔110～360 cm处SO ₄^2-浓度未明显下降的主要因素。孔隙水SO₄^2-浓度整体随着深度增加呈减小的趋势,表明GSW1孔沉...     

Assessment of social vulnerability to natural hazards in the Yangtze River Delta, China

China is exposed to a wide range of natural hazards, and disaster losses have escalated over the past decade. Owing to the pressure from natural disasters, along with changes in climate, social conditions, and regional environment, assessment of social vulnerability (SV) to natural hazards has become increasingly urgent for risk management and sustainable development in China. This paper presents a new method for quantifying SV based on the projection pursuit cluster (PPC) model. A reference social vulnerability index (SVI) at the county level was created for the Yangtze River Delta area in China for 1995, 2000, 2005, and 2009. The result of social vulnerability assessment was validated using data of actual losses from natural disasters. The primary findings are as follows: (i) In the study area, the major factors that impact SVI are regional per capita GDP and per capita income. (ii) The study area was more vulnerable in 1995 than in later years. SV of the whole region had decreased over the study period. (iii) Most part of Shanghai and the southeast part of Jiangsu Province had been the least vulnerable within the region. From this least vulnerable zone to the periphery of the region, the situation deteriorated. The highest SVI values in all evaluated years were found in the northern, western, or southern tips of the Yangtze River Delta.     

Spatial and depth variability of streambed vertical hydraulic conductivity under the regional flow regimes

This study investigated the influence of the regional flow on the streambed vertical hydraulic conductivity (K_v) within the hyporheic zone in three stream reaches of the Weihe River in July 2016. The streambed K_v with two connected depths was investigated at each test reach. Based on the sediment characteristics, the three test reaches could be divided into three categories: a sandy streambed without continuous silt and clay layer, a sandy streambed with continuous silt and clay layer, and a silt–clay streambed. The results demonstrate that the streambed K_v mainly decreases with the depth at the sandy streambed (without continuous silt and clay layer) and increases with the depth at the other two test reaches. At the sandy streambed (with continuous silt and clay layer) where streambed K_v mainly decreases with the depth, the regional upward flux can suspend fine particles and enhance the pore spacing, resulting in the elevated K_v in the upper sediment layers. At another sandy streambed, the continuous silt and clay layer is the main factor that influences the vertical distribution of fine particles and streambed K_v. An increase in streambed K_v with the depth at the silt/clay streambed is attributed to the regional downward movement of water within the sediments that may lead to more fine particles deposited in the pores in the upper sediment layers. The streambed K_v is very close to the bank in the sandy streambed without continuous silt and clay layer and the channel centre in the other two test reaches. Differences in grain size distribution of the sediments at each test reach exercise a strong controlling influence on the streambed K_v. This study promotes the understanding of dynamics influencing the interactions between groundwater and surface water and provides guidelines to scientific water resources management for rivers.     

Roughness scale dependence of the relationship between tracer longitudinal dispersion and Peclet number in variable‐aperture fractures

The relationship between the longitudinal dispersion (D_L) and Peclet number (Pe) is crucial for predicting and simulating tracer through the variable‐aperture fracture. In this study, the roughness of the self‐affine fracture wall was decomposed into primary roughness (relatively large‐scale waviness) and secondary roughness (relatively small‐scale waviness) by a multiscaled wavelet analysis technique. Based on the complete dispersion mechanism (diffusion, macrodispersion, and Taylor dispersion) in the variable‐aperture fracture, three relationships (second‐order, power‐law, and linear relationships) between the D_L and Pe were investigated at large and small scales, respectively. Our results showed that the primary roughness mostly controlled the Taylor dispersion mechanism, whereas the secondary roughness was a dominant factor for the macrodispersion mechanism. Increasing the Hurst exponent and removing the secondary roughness led to the decreasing range of Pe where macrodispersion mechanism dominated the solute transport. It was found that estimating the D_L from the power‐law relationship based on Taylor dispersion theory resulted in considerable errors, even in the range of Pe where the Taylor dispersion mechanism dominated. The exponent of the power‐law relationship increased as the secondary roughness was removed. Analysing the linear relationship between the D_L and Pe revealed that the longitudinal dispersivity α_L increased linearly. However, this linear increase became weak as the Taylor dispersion mechanism dominated. In the range of Pe where the macrodispersion mechanism dominated, increasing the Hurst exponent caused the increase of α_L and the secondary roughness played a significant role in enhancing the α_L. As the Taylor dispersion mechanism dominated, the α_L was insensitive to the influence of multiscale roughness in variable‐aperture fractures.     

Measurement of fluid flow in pipe and porous media by high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging

The objective of this study is to understand the process of fluid flow in pipe and porous media with different pore structures.High-resolution Magnetic Resonance Imaging(MRI)technique was used to visualize the pore structure and measure fluid flow.The porous media was formed by packed bed of glass beads.Flow measurement was carried out by a modified spin echo sequence.The results show that the velocity distribution in pipe is annular and the linear relation between MRI velocity and actual velocity is found in pipe flow measurement.The flow distribution in porous media is rather heterogeneous,and it is consistent with heterogeneous pore structure.The flow through pores with the high volume flow rate is determined largely by geometrical effects such as pore size and cross-sectional area.     

社会主义新农村建设中的防雷工作探讨

根据社会主义新农村建设中防雷工作适应新形势的需要,结合近年来农村发生的几起典型雷击事件,详细总结了农村雷击事故形成的原因,并提出加强新农村建设防雷工作的对策,切实履行气象部门监管职责,将新农村建设的防雷减灾工作落到实处.     

GPS三频组合探测与修复周跳的研究

通过GPS三频组合观测值周跳检验量,提出了利用最小二乘原则选择最优组合观测模型的方法,选择了一组最优组合模型。通过各载波间的频率关系,模拟出L5频数据,编制了周跳探测软件,通过实例验算,结果表明组合模型探测周跳精度优于其他模型。