北美五大湖水环境保护经验分析

介绍了位于美国和加拿大边界的世界上最大的淡水水体——北美五大湖的基本情况及水环境污染和治理历程,讨论美加两国政府在水环境保护方面合作的经验,概括了五大湖环境保护工作所取得的成就。实践证明,五大湖水资源综合管理体制、水环境保护策略是行之有效的。经过几十年的努力,五大湖的水质状况已有明显改善,尤其是在人群健康保障、富营养化治理和有毒物质消减方面取得了长足的进步。     

High-contrast coronagraph for ground-based imaging of Jupiter-like planets

We propose a high-contrast coronagraph for direct imaging of young Jupiter-like planets orbiting nearby bright stars. The coronagraph employs a steptransmission filter in which the intensity is apodized with a finite number of steps with identical transmission in each step. It should be installed on a large ground-based telescope equipped with a state-of-the-art adaptive optics system. In this case, contrast ratios around 10-6 should be accessible within 0.1 arcsec of the central star. In recent progress, a...     

机载雷达定量测雨中衰减效应的订正研究

星载测雨雷达的应用,必须满足一些主要条件:高的空间分辨率、宽阔的覆盖范围、大的动态降雨测量范围以及精确的点测量等。由于技术条件的限制,满足这些条件的雷达工作在被雨衰减的频率段,因此必须修正由于衰减所导致的误差。对于单波束单频雷达,kZS（衰减系数-雷达反射因子-海表反射率）算法在一个较大的雨强范围内对衰减效应的订正效果较好。本文将kZS应用到在西太平洋进行的国际大型科学考察实验TOGA/COARE中1993年1月和2月间取得机载雷达（和星载雷达频率相近）实测数据,进行雨空间分布的研究,取得了和模拟研究预期相吻合的结果。     

基于BP神经网络的地质灾害细网格预报模型

地质灾害成因复杂,其中以气象因素、地质地貌因素引发的地质灾害最为常见.以金华地区为例,通过对金华市地质地貌条件及其对地质灾害点的调查,将全区划分为4个地质灾害隐患风险等级的网格区域.在此基础上利用金华中尺度气象资料,采用BP神经网络模型,建立地质灾害细网格预报模型,对该模型进行模拟和预报试验.结果表明,合理的隐患风险等级分区能使预报模型更符合科学规律,而采用分布较细的中尺度资料作为预报因子能进一步提高预报精度.模型的预报结果达到一定的可信度,为防灾减灾工作提供了科学依据.     

TRMM卫星与机载雷达在降雨反演中的数据对比个例研究

热带降水测量卫星（TRMM）上搭载的测雨雷达是第一部能够提供三维降水信息的星载雷达,机载雷达也能够对降雨进行实时观测。由于机载和星载雷达观测有很多共同点,所以选择机载、星载雷达数据进行对比。1998年8月26日NOAA/P3飞机对Bonnie飓风进行了一次观测飞行,与此同时TRMM卫星也同步扫过该区域,因此利用对Bonnie飓风的机、星观测数据对应点数值对比、差值对比、平均值对比等,对Bonnie飓风做了进一步分析。对比结果一致,印证了TRMM数据的可靠性,同时进一步验证了双束立体雷达算法的联合算法的可靠性。     

热带风压场平衡特征及其对GRAPES系统中同化预报的影响研究I:平衡特征分析

本文基于GRAPES全球模式的短期预报误差样本,利用赤道波动正规模态研究了热带风、压场平衡特征,并根据这些特征分析了线性平衡方程(LBE)在该区域应用时存在的问题。结果表明:(1)赤道波动能成功解释热带短期预报误差样本的大部分分量,对流层中层为60%~80%,对流层顶和平流层低层为80%以上。(2)在可解释的误差方差中,赤道罗斯贝波(ER)占比仅为30%~55%,其他赤道波动的作用不可忽视。(3)在ER模态基础上引入其他赤道波动会大幅削弱原有风、压场平衡约束,重力惯性波与Kelvin波的作用最为显著。此时,对流层中层位势高度h与u风、v风间的约束接近于零,而平流层低层h-u的平衡特征由Kelvin波主导。(4)LBE主要表达了ER模态下的风、压场平衡特征,与实际情形相比高估了热带风、压场的耦合程度,进一步的改进中需削弱这一虚假平衡,使得热带风、压场分析变得更加独立。     

湖南盛夏两次连续性暴雨过程对比分析

利用常规气象观测资料和NECP的1°×1°再分析资料,从暴雨特征、天气背景和暴雨发生的动力、水汽、热力条件及非地转湿Q矢量等方面对2010年7月8—13日和2012年7月12—19日湖南两次大范围暴雨天气过程进行对比分析,并对暴雨造成的洪涝灾害成因进行阐述。结果表明：湖南两次暴雨过程的环流形势和水汽输送路径均存在一定程度的相似性;东北低涡和低层切变线是造成两次持续性暴雨过程的主要影响系统;850 hPa的θse高值区、垂直上升速度中心及湿Q矢量负值区与暴雨落区有较好的对应关系,对暴雨预报有一定的指示作用。第二次暴雨过程冷空气势力比第一次暴雨过程更强,低层切变线在湘北及湘中偏南地区摆动,使较强水汽辐合在中低层维持了5 d,因此第二次暴雨过程影响范围更广且持续时间更长。而第一次暴雨过程副热带高压更强盛,高、低空急流耦合作用更明显,垂直上升气流更强,高能高湿更易触发短时强降水;同时由于第一次暴雨过程开始前湖南全省降雨已经明显偏多,且强降雨带集中在湘北地区,加之受灾最严重的地区又属于地质灾害多发区,从而更易导致滑坡、崩塌和泥石流的发生。     

铁屑微电解法深度处理医院废水

用铁屑微电池原理深度处理了医院废水 ,分析了废水pH、铁屑用量、反应时间对处理效果的影响。结果表明 ,最佳的反应条件为 :废水进水pH为 3.5 ,铁屑用量为 12 .5 % ,常温反应 80min。     

THERMAL EFFECTS OF BUILDING＇S EXTERNAL SURFACES IN CITY——Characteristics of Heat Flux into and out of External Wall Surfaces

This study examined the thermal effects of building‘s external wall surfaces, using observational data of spatial-temporal distribution of surface temperature, air temperature, and heat flux into and out of external surface. Results indicate that external wall surface temperature and nearby air temperature vary with the change of orientation, height and season. In general, the external wall surface temperature is lower near the ground, and is higher near the roof, than nearby air temperature. But north wall surface temperature is mostly lower than nearby air temperature at the same height; south wall surface temperature during the daytime in December, and west wall surface temperature all day in August, is respectively higher than nearby air temperature. The heat fluxes into and out of external wall surfaces show the differences that exist in the various orientations, heights and seasons. In December,south wall surface at the lower sites emits heat and north wall surface at the higher sites absorbs heat. In April, all external wall surfaces, emit heat near the ground and absorb heat near the roof. In August, west wall surface all day emits heat, and other wall surfaces just show the commensurate behavior with that in April.     

An X-Ray Study of Lobe-Dominated Radio-Loud Quasars with XMM-Newton

We report on our results of X-ray spectral analysis for a sample of radio-loud quasars covering a wide range of the radio core-dominance parameter, R, from core-dominated to lobe-dominated objects, using data obtained mostly with the XMM-Newton Observatory. We find that the spectral shape of the underlying power-law continuum is flat even for the lobe-dominated objects (average photon index ～ 1.5), indistinguishable from that of core-dominated quasars. For lobe-dominated objects, contribution of X-rays from the jets is expected to be very small based on previous unification schemes, more than one order of magnitude lower than the observed X-ray luminosities. Assuming that radio-loud quasars follow the same X-ray-UV/optical luminosity relation for the disk-corona emission as found for radio-quiet quasars, we estimate the X-ray flux contributed by the disk-corona component from the optical/UV continuum. We find that neither the luminosity, nor the spectral shape, of the disk-corona X-ray emission can account for the bulk of the observed X-ray properties. Thus in lobe-dominated quasars, either the disk-corona X-ray emission is much enhanced in strength and flatter in spectral shape (photon index～1.5) compared to normal radio-quiet quasars, or their jet X-ray emission is much enhanced compared to their weak radio core-jet emission. If the latter is the case, our result may imply that the jet emission in X-rays is less Doppler beamed than that in the radio. As a demonstrating example, we test this hypothesis by using a specific model in which the X-ray jet has a larger opening angle than the radio jet.