Neue Daten zur Biostratigraphie und zur tektonischen Lagerung der Phyllit-Gruppe und der Trypali-Gruppe auf der Insel Kreta (Griechenland)

Based on many new fossil discoveries mainly conodonts and ostracodes an attempt has been made to determine the stratigraphic range of the high pressure/low temperature metamorphic Phyllite Group in West Crete (Greece). The numerous conodont findings indicate — in spite of strong supply of clastic material — a fully marine environment from the Upper Carboniferous up to the end of the Lower Triassic. The prevailing part of the Middle Triassic cannot yet covered by fossils. The upper Triassic shows in the lower (invers) part of the Phyllite Group a shallow water facies with ostracodes, bivalves and at the Triassic/Lias boundary a saliniferous facies, however in the upper (in original position lying) part a conodonts-foraminiferes bearing littoral facies. The present biostratigraphic data point out that the lower part of the Phyllite Group lies in inverted order and the upper part in original position. Thus the Phyllite Group on the whole seems (in West Crete) to form a huge recumbent isoclinal fold analogous to the isoclinal folding on a smaller scale as frequently exposed. The carbonate Trypali Group can be interpreted as either the recumbent limb of this fold structure or as part of the underlying Talea Ori Group. The Trypali Group seems not to be a particular unit. For the reconstruction of the paleogeographic and geodynamic evolution of the South Aegean region the following evidence may be important:

1. the marine sedimentation in the Upper Palaeozoic and the Lower Triassic, especially the marine Upper Permian (Dorashamian), an isolated occurrence 2000 km away from comparable sediments further east and
2. the obvious termination of deposition at the Triassic/Lias boundary. A future interpretation of these results may be the key to a better understanding of the geodynamic process which led to the high pressure/low temperature metamorphism of the Phyllite Group.

     

Aubrites and diogenites: Trace element clues to their origin

We have analyzed by RNAA 25 aubrite and 9 diogenite samples for 13 to 29 siderophile, volatile, and lithophile trace elements. Both meteorite classes show a typically igneous siderophile element pattern, with Ir, Os, Re, Ge more depleted than Au, Ni, Pd, Sb. But aubrites tend to have about 10 × higher abundances (10^?3 ? 10 ^{? 4} × Cl for the first 4 and 10^?2?10^?3 × Cl for the last 4 siderophiles), apparently reflecting smaller metal/silicate distribution coefficients at lowerf(O₂), or less complete segregation of metal. Se is surprisingly abundant in aubrites (up to 0.4 × Cl), but Te is less so ($\text{Se}\text{Te}\text{? 5 × Cl}$), apparently due to its stronger siderophile character. Other volatiles (Ag, Zn, In, Cd, Bi, T1) show depletions intermediate between lunar dunite and the Earth's mantle.Of 7 aubrites analyzed for REE (Ce, Nd, Eu, Tb, Yb, Lu), 6 are depleted in REE (0.08?0.5 × Cl) and 5 show negative Eu anomalies (the exceptions are Bishopville and Mt. Egerton silicate). This supports an igneous origin, as already noted by Boynton and Schmitt (1972). No samples of the complementary, basaltic and feldspathic rocks have been found thus far, but one of our samples of Khor Temiki dark is a candidate for the basalt. It is 5?7 × enriched in REE and only slightly less so in Rb, Cs, and U. Though shocked and enriched in siderophiles to ~0.05 × Cl, it apparently represents a new meteorite class.Three diogenites analyzed for REE show very diverse patterns, from strongly depleted in light REE for Tatahouine (Ce = 0.01 × Cl) to flat for Garland (~2.5 × Cl). The data confirm the trends found by Fukuokaet al. (1977) as well as their interpretations.Factor analysis shows several parallel groupings for aubrites and diogenites: siderophiles (Re, Ir, Os, Pd, Ge), chalcophiles (Se, Te), volatiles (Ag, In, Tl) and incompatibles (U, REE, and Cs or Rb). But there are some differences for elements such as Ni, Sb, Cd, Bi, Au, and Zn, most of which behave more sensibly in aubrites than in diogenites.Several element pairs that differ greatly in volatility (Cs-U, Ge-Ir) correlate closely in aubrites, in approximately Cl-chondrite proportions. These correlations, and other lines of evidence, suggest strongly that aubrites originated by igneous processes in their parent body, not by direct nebular condensation. The source material may have resembled EL chondrites in oxidation state and depletion of refractories, metal, and volatiles.     

Interannual fluctuations in the density of sand lance,Ammodytes americanus,larvae in Long Island Sound, 1951–1983

Enumeration data from over 2,300 ichthyoplankton samples collected during 17 yr, spanning a 32-yr interval (1951–1983), were compiled to determine interannual variations in density of sand lance larvae. Years of relatively high densities were noted during the winters of 1965–1966 and 1978–1979 and low densities in 1971–1974. A regular increase in numbers during the late 1970’s and the peak in 1978–1979 coincided with increases in population size found throughout the coastal northwest Atlantic Ocean. Densities in Long Island Sound began to decline in 1980 and this continued through 1983. In contrast, densities throughout coastal Atlantic areas during the 1980’s remained at least as high as they were 1976–1978. Interannual fluctuations in density of sand lance larvae could be partially explained by water temperatures in December. Warm Decembers were associated with low larval densities.     

Zur Baugeschichte der Ardennen: Eine Antwort an F. Geukens

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

A parameterized model for the evolution of isotopic heterogeneities in a convecting system

Laboratory experiments are used to illustrate how steady convective flows, while efficient at stirring an initial heterogeneity within a single cell, do not produce dispersal of heterogeneous material over scales large compared to the depth. Long-range dispersal requires that the flow be time dependent on a time scale comparable to the overturn time. Convection in an internally heated layer has this property and numerical solutions are used to study the way in which it disperses a set of neutrally buoyant particles that were initially confined to a small space. The horizontal dispersal of these particles is reasonably well represented by an effective diffusivity of 0.3 cm²/s for a Rayleigh number of 10⁶. The concept of an effective diffusivity is then applied to the isotopic evolution of the Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr systems with spatial variations generated by horizontal variations in degree of melting 1.8×10⁹ years ago. The present-day average ε value one would measure in such a system depends on the average degree of melting, the amplitude and length scale of variations in partial melt, and the effective diffusivity assumed. Especially in the case of Nd the differences in average ε value between a uniform and a spatially variable (but with the same average) melting case can be significant. The range of ε values about the average is controlled by the competing effects of generation by the differences in enrichment factor and decay due to the effective diffusivity.     

Zum Sauerstoffhaushalt der Gewässer der Feldberger Seenplatte an Hand ausgewählter sommerlicher Tiefenprofile seit 1924 und 1962 Teil 3: Scharteisen,Wasch-See,Dolgener See

This paper presents the depth profiles of 1951 … 1980 for the Scharteisen, the investigations of the last years for the Wasch lake and the Dolgen lake, for the oxygen regime with the representation of the oxygen concentration, transparency, water temperature and the upper limit of the occurrence of hydrogen sulphide. The profiles demonstrate the eutrophication having occurred for the Scharteisen and the present state for the three lakes. The general situation of the drainage areas and the causes to be derived from it concerning changes of the water quality as well as possible measures and aims of sanitations are discussed. Also the most important data are given on the hydrography of these waters and on their utilization for obtaining drinking water and by fishery up to now.     

In situ oxygen,magnesium, and silicon isotopic compositions of the FUN inclusion Vigarano 1623-5

Oxygen, magnesium, and silicon isotopic abundances in Vigarano 1623-5 were studied using secondary ion mass spectrometry to investigate correlations between isotopic and petrologic properties of this unique forsterite-bearing FUN inclusion. Vigarano 1623-5 displays large, correlated mass-dependent fractionation effects, tightly linked to mineralogy within distinct petrologic units of the inclusion. The pyroxene-rich and melilite-rich interior parts of the inclusion display highly mass-fractionated isotopic compositions of oxygen, magnesium, and silicon, consistent with Rayleigh distillation during evaporation of a melt with initial oxygen composition close to a solar composition. However, the chemical composition, enriched in magnesium and silicon, suggests a precursor already fractionated by prior melt evaporation. A discontinuous igneous rim was produced by a flash-melting event followed by isotopic exchange in the rim melilite with planetary-like oxygen, mechanical fragmentation, and reassembly with an accretionary rim of heterogeneous materials. Al-rich minerals in 1623-5 show evidence for having crystallized with live ²⁶Al but at less than the “canonical” level of most CV calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions. However, well-defined ²⁶Al-²⁶Mg isochrons are not found and temporal implications are ambiguous.     

Redox-dependent removal of 27 organic trace pollutants: compilation of results from tank aeration experiments

The biodegradation of various wastewater-derived organic trace pollutants occurring in different aquatic compartments of the environment was previously reported to be influenced by the prevailing redox conditions. However, comparative studies on the redox-dependent degradation behavior of organic trace pollutants are scarce. The objective of the study presented herein, was to compile and evaluate data from several comparable previous tank experiments, thus, providing an overview on the redox-dependent removal of a total of 27 wastewater-derived trace compounds, including phenazone type compounds, antimicrobials, ß-blockers, psychoactive drugs and sulfonamides. Removal rate constants were fitted assuming first-order degradation kinetics. Six compounds were identified to be removed solely under oxic, three compounds solely under anoxic conditions. Others persisted under all experimental conditions, while some were removed under both oxic and anoxic conditions.     

Weitere OB-Assoziationen in den äußersten Randzonen von M 31

In comparing a U- and a B-plate of the Tautenburg 2 m Schmidt telescope 7 scattered groupings of blue objects have been discovered in the outer regions of the large Andromeda nebula. A closer investigation showed these objects to be apparently so far not known OB associations, well fitting to a spiral structure. With distances from the centre of the Andromeda nebula between R = 22.8 kpc and R = 27.9 kpc the objects still surpass the most distant association OB 188 of VAN den BERGH (R = 25.0 kpc).     

Influence of Evaporating Droplets in the Turbulent Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer

Semi-idealized model simulations are made of the nocturnal cold-air pool development in the approximately 1-km wide and 100–200-m deep Grünloch basin, Austria. The simulations show qualitatively good agreement with vertical temperature and wind profiles and surface measurements collected during a meteorological field expedition. A two-layer stable atmosphere forms in the basin, with a very strong inversion in the lowest part, below the approximate height of the lowest gap in the surrounding orography. The upper part of the stable layer is less strongly stratified and extends to the approximate height of the second-lowest gap. The basin atmosphere cools most strongly during the first few hours of the night, after which temperatures decrease only slowly. An outflow of air forms through the lowest gap in the surrounding orography. The outflow connects with a weak inflow of air through a gap on the opposite sidewall, forming a vertically and horizontally confined jet over the basin. Basin cooling shows strong sensitivity to surface-layer characteristics, highlighting the large impact of variations in vegetation and soil cover on cold-air pool development, as well as the importance of surface-layer parametrization in numerical simulations of cold-air-pool development.