Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry Analyses of Diamond and Moissanite in Ophiolite

The Cameca 1280-HR large geometry SIMS instrument is a highly versatile analytical tool which can support a broad range of geochemical applications.Research using the Potsdam 1280 instrument focuses primarily on isotope ratio determinations in geomaterials.Optimized measurement protocols have already been established forδ18O determinations in zircon,and we are also working towards routine oxygen isotope determinations for quartz,calcite,mica,apatite and titanite.The primary challenge in developing such measurement systems are the identification and characterization of suitable reference materials(RMs),and this is made particularly challenging due to the matrix dependent ion yields of the SIMS ion source.Here we wish to report our progress towards establishing new analytical protocols for the determination ofδ13C in both diamond and moissanite.In the case of diamond,our facility possesses three natural RMs with which we are able to produce data with a typical analytical repeatability of~0.15‰(1sd).An inter-comparison of our three diamond RMs demonstrates an overall data quality of better than 0.5‰in terms of systematic offset between the various materials characterized using gas source mass spectrometry(Palot et al.,2012).A single suchδ13C determination in diamond requires 80 s of data acquisition and involves a test portion mass of~400 pgof material.In-house diamond reference materials forδ15N calibration allow us to measure this isotopic system to a total analytical uncertainty of±1.6‰(1sd)at nitrogen concentrations reaching down to 250μg/g.Due to the relatively low abundance of nitrogen in diamonds,such isotope ratio determinations require around 9 minutes of data collection.With respect toδ13C determinations in moissanite,we use a kimberlitic Si C as calibrant(Mathez et al.,1995),on which we achieve a repeatability of~0.2‰(1sd)on a~350 pg test portion mass.Total data acquisition time for such measurements is 80 s.We are currently in the process of developing a second moissanite RM based on a synthetic,coarse-grained powder.We will also investigate this new material for itsδ30Si characteristics.     

合成金刚石的晶体形态对天然金刚石的启示

作为深部地球研究的“信使”,不同类型天然金刚石的形成温度、压力及环境介质条件一直是地球科学中的重要内容。天然金刚石原石呈现出多种多样的晶型和表面形貌特征是其结晶过程、介质环境和运移过程的最直接记录。伴随着金刚石高温高压合成技术的发展以及合成金刚石的规模化工业生产应用,前人对合成金刚石的晶型及表面形貌特征进行了大量的描述并详细探讨了温度、压力及组分差异对晶体形态的影响。本文对不同条件下的合成金刚石与不同类型天然金刚石的晶型特征、表面形貌特征进行了详细的对比分析,旨在将高温高压实验中明确的生长条件及晶体生长规律应用于天然金刚石形成条件的研究中,并进一步为金刚石晶体形态反映出的地质环境特征、地幔流体/熔体组成和动力学条件的研究提供约束。     

宜昌小时极端降水长期变化特征分析

利用宜昌1956—2020年4—10月逐分钟降水资料分析了宜昌小时极端降水的长期变化特征,对极端降水分布较为集中的6月下旬—8月下旬极端降水强度进行主分量分析。结果表明：宜昌极端降水频次及强度均呈弱增加趋势,在1975年前后出现了1次由强到弱的突变,在1985年前后出现了1次由弱到强的突变,此外还呈现出接近3 a的周期性变化特征。极端降水频次旬变化呈单峰型分布,主要集中在6月下旬—8月下旬,峰值出现在7月下旬。其日变化呈“V字型”分布,主要集中在17时—次日03时之间,峰值出现在22—23时之间。极端降水持续时间多集中在2～4 h之间,其中以2 h居多,数学期望值是2.4 h。旬降水强度在6月下旬—8月下旬表现出3种主要特征：(1)各旬极端降水强度呈现整体一致特性,即同时增大或同时减小;(2)极端降水强度在7月下旬和其他各旬呈反向分布;(3)极端降水强度在7月下旬—8月上旬与其他各旬呈反向分布。     

Longitudinal integral response deformation method for the seismic analysis of a tunnel structure

For the longitudinal seismic response analysis of a tunnel structure under asynchronous earthquake excitations, a longitudinal integral response deformation method classified as a practical approach is proposed in this paper. The determinations of the structural critical moments when maximal deformations and internal forces in the longitudinal direction occur are deduced as well. When applying the proposed method, the static analysis of the free-field computation model subjected to the least favorable free-field deformation at the tunnel buried depth is performed first to calculate the equivalent input seismic loads. Then, the equivalent input seismic loads are imposed on the integral tunnel-foundation computation model to conduct the static calculation. Afterwards, the critical longitudinal seismic responses of the tunnel are obtained. The applicability of the new method is verified by comparing the seismic responses of a shield tunnel structure in Beijing, determined by the proposed procedure and by a dynamic time-history analysis under a series of obliquely incident out-ofplane and in-plane waves. The results show that the proposed method has a clear concept with high accuracy and simple progress. Meanwhile, this method provides a feasible way to determine the critical moments of the longitudinal seismic responses of a tunnel structure. Therefore, the proposed method can be effectively applied to analyze the seismic response of a long-line underground structure subjected to non-uniform excitations.     

An empirical study of the registered population transformation in China’s megacities

From 2020 to 2030, accelerating the “citizenization” of the migrant population is key to promoting urbanization and achieving common prosperity. The urbanization rate of the registered population in China is roughly 18% lower than that of permanent residents. The pressure of the ageing population and the lack of a labor force have caused big cities to introduce relevant policies to attract talent, and the citizenization process needs to be improved urgently, with a particular focus on megacities. The transformation in the number of registered residents in megacities varies greatly, and there is a lack of research on this topic, which makes it an important academic issue. Using both natural and social perspectives, we selected concise indicators and combined the possibility-satisfiability model to estimate the urbanization transformation gap of annual household registration. Further, we constructed a panel data model to empirically analyze the different factors leading to the gap of household registration in megacities. The main factors affecting the transformation of the registered population in megacities are medical services, as well as educational resources and the urban water supply. It is urgent for urban and rural administrators to change the current passive and rigid institutional mechanisms and to ensure flexible, normal governance.     

2019年甘肃张掖5.0级、夏河5.7级地震前地磁低点位移时空分布特征

2019年甘肃张掖5.0级、夏河5.7级地震前中国大陆均有明显的“地磁低点位移”现象出现,2次地震震中均位于低点位移线出现明显转折的区域。通过对2次低点位移异常日中国大陆地磁台站低点时间进行梯度法分析,研究了2次中强地震震中位置与低点时间高梯度带分布间的关系。研究结果表明：①在2次低点位移异常日都同步出现了地磁垂直分量低点时间高梯度带分布;②2次中强地震震中位置均位于低点位移线出现明显转折处和低点时间高梯度带1.0 h/（°）等值线附近;③利用低点时间梯度法对低点位移异常进行分析有利于改进原有异常识别方法,较少虚报率。     

Origin of Peridotites and Chromitites in the Pozanti-kar Santi Ophiolite, Turkey

The Pozanti-Karsanti ophiolite(PKO)in Turkey’s eastern Tauride belt comprises mantle peridotites,ultramafic to mafic cumulates,isotropic gabbros,sheeted dikes and pillow lavas.The mantle peridotites are dominated by spinel harzburgites with minor dunites.The harzburgites and dunites have quite depleted mineral and whole-rock chemical composition,suggesting high degrees of partial melting.Their PGEs vary from Pd-depleted to distinct Pd-enriched patterns,implying the crystallization of interstitial sulphides from sulphur-saturated melts(e.g.MORB-like forearc basalt).U-shaped or spoon-shaped REE patterns indicate that the PKO peridotites may have also been metasomatized by the LREE-enriched fluids released from a subducting slab in a suprasubduction zone.Based on the mineral and whole-rock chemical compositions,the PKO peridotites show affinities to forearc peridotites.Chromitites occur both in the mantle peridotites and the mantle-crust transition zone horizon(MTZ).Chromitites from the two different horizons have different textures but similar mineral compositions,consistent with typical high-Cr chromitites.Chromitites hosted by mantle harzburgites generally have higher total platinum-group element(PGE)contents than those of the MTZ chromitites.However,both chromitites show similar chondritenormalized PGE patterns characterized by clear IPGEs,Rh-enrichments relative to Pt and Pd.Such PGE patterns indicate no or only minor crystallization of Pt-and Pd enriched sulphides during formation of chromitites from a sulphur-undersaturated melt(e.g.boninitic or island arc tholeiitic melt).Dunite enveloping chromitite lenses in the ho*s ting harzburgite resulted from melt-rock reaction.We have performed mineral separation work on samples of podiform chromitite hosted by harzburgites.So far,more than200 grains of microdiamond and more than 100 grains of moissanite(Si C)have been separated from podiform chromitites.These minerals have been identified by EDX and Laser Raman analyses.The diamonds and moissanite are accompanied by large amounts of rutile.Additionally,zircon,monazite and sulphides are also common phases within the heavy mineral separates.Both diamond and moissanite have been analyzed for carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition using the CARMECA 1280-HR large geometry Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometer at the Helmholtz Zentrum Potsdam.In total,61δ13CPDB results for diamond were acquired,exhibiting a range from-28.4‰to-18.8‰.31δ13CPDB results for Moissanite vary between-30.5‰to-27.2‰,with a mean value of-29.0‰.Diamond has relatively large variation in nitrogen isotopic composition with 40δ15NAIR results ranging from-19.1‰to 16.6‰.The discovery of diamond,moissanite and the other unusual minerals from podiform chromitite of the Pozanti-Karsanti ophiolite provides new support for the genesis of ophiolitic peridotites and chromitites under high-pressure and ultra-high reducing conditions.Considering the unusual minerals,the high Mg#silicate inclusions,and the needle-shaped exsolutions in the PKO chromitites,the parental melts of these chromitites may have been mixed with deep asthenospheric basaltic melts that had assimilated materials of the descending slab when passing through the slab in a subduction zone environment.We suggest melt-rock reactions,magma mixing and assimilation may have triggered the oversaturation of chromites and the formation of PKO chromitites.     

我国对流层大气臭氧的数值模拟

本文建立了一个用于对流层大气臭氧模拟的三维欧拉模式,针对影响臭氧光化学转化的各种因素及我国城市光化学污染的特点,模式中简化了光化学项的计算。根据实际观测资料,提出了模拟云雾对臭氧影响的参数化方法,并确定了云雾作用系数,通过模式的数值模拟,得出了我国对流层大气臭氧,特别是近地面层大气臭氧的分布状况、我国城市光化学污染的分布特征以及它们的季节变化规律.     

面向序列影像的三维场景重建方法

针对序列影像三维场景重建过程中存在的自动化程度不高、模型精度不够等问题,该文提出了一种基于序列影像的三维场景重建方法。该方法利用尺度不变特征变换算子获得了大量稳定的特征点后,结合K-D树搜索策略以及随机抽样一致性误匹配剔除方法得到稳定的匹配点对,然后采用稀疏光束法平差获取序列影像的相对位置姿态参数,最后采用多视密集匹配方法实现场景目标的密集重建。实验结果表明:该文所提方法可以快速得到准确、完整的三维重建结果。