白云南洼恩平组海相烃源岩空间展布规律及发育模式

通过借助层序地层学理论、构造古地貌分析、古生物资料、沉积速率与可容纳空间关系对比,以及典型地震相识别、地震相与沉积相剖面及平面分析等,结合区域地质资料及前人的研究成果,对白云南洼恩平组烃源岩的叠置关系、影响因素、空间展布规律及发育模式进行了研究,得到如下认识:白云南洼恩平组对应一个完整的二级层序,可细分为3个三级层序,自下至上为SQ1、SQ2、SQ3,海平面总体为上升特征,SQ3的最大海泛面对应了整个恩平组二级层序的最大海泛面;白云南洼恩平组为局限浅海环境,具备发育较好海相烃源岩的条件,稳定半封闭的古构造背景,有利于烃源岩有机质的富集保存;沉积速率小,且小于可容空间增长速率,沉积物向陆退积,沉积水体深度变大,利于海相烃源岩的发育;恩平组烃源岩为大陆边缘半闭塞—欠补偿—湿润海湾模式,优质烃源岩主要发育在受隆起及断层遮挡形成的海湾区。     

Spatiotemporal characteristics,patterns, and caus-es of land-use changes in China since the late 1980s

Land-use/land-cover changes (LUCCs) have links to both human and nature interactions. China's Land-Use/cover Datasets (CLUDs) were updated regularly at 5-year intervals from the late 1980s to 2010,with standard procedures based on Landsat TM\ETM+ images. A land-use dynamic regionalization method was proposed to analyze major land-use conversions. The spatiotemporal characteristics,differences,and causes of land-use changes at a national scale were then examined. The main findings are summarized as follows. Land-use changes (LUCs) across China indicated a significant variation in spatial and temporal characteristics in the last 20 years (1990-2010). The area of cropland change decreased in the south and increased in the north,but the total area remained almost unchanged. The reclaimed cropland was shifted from the northeast to the northwest. The built-up lands expanded rapidly,were mainly distributed in the east,and gradually spread out to central and western China. Woodland decreased first,and then increased,but desert area was the opposite. Grassland continued decreasing. Different spatial patterns of LUC in China were found between the late 20th century and the early 21st century. The original 13 LUC zones were replaced by 15 units with changes of boundaries in some zones. The main spatial characteristics of these changes included (1) an accelerated expansion of built-up land in the Huang-Huai-Hai region,the southeastern coastal areas,the midstream area of the Yangtze River,and the Sichuan Basin;(2) shifted land reclamation in the north from northeast China and eastern Inner Mongolia to the oasis agricultural areas in northwest China;(3) continuous transformation from rain-fed farmlands in northeast China to paddy fields;and (4) effectiveness of the "Grain for Green" project in the southern agricultural-pastoral ecotones of Inner Mongolia,the Loess Plateau,and southwestern mountainous areas. In the last two decades,although climate change in the north affected the change in cropland,policy regulation and economic driving forces were still the primary causes of LUC across China. During the first decade of the 21st century,the anthropogenic factors that drove variations in land-use patterns have shifted the emphasis from one-way land development to both development and conservation.The "dynamic regionalization method" was used to analyze changes in the spatial patterns of zoning boundaries,the internal characteristics of zones,and the growth and decrease of units. The results revealed "the pattern of the change process," namely the process of LUC and regional differences in characteristics at different stages. The growth and decrease of zones during this dynamic LUC zoning,variations in unit boundaries,and the characteristics of change intensities between the former and latter decades were examined. The patterns of alternative transformation between the "pattern" and "process" of land use and the causes for changes in different types and different regions of land use were explored.     

Characterization of organic aerosols in Beijing using an aerodyne high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometer

Fine particle of organic aerosol(OA), mostly arising from pollution, are abundant in Beijing. To achieve a better understanding of the difference in OA in summer and autumn, a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer(HRTo F-AMS, Aerodyne Research Inc., USA) was deployed in urban Beijing in August and October 2012. The mean OA mass concentration in autumn was 30 ± 30 μg m-3, which was higher than in summer(13 ± 6.9 μg m-3). The elemental analysis found that OA was more aged in summer(oxygen-to-carbon(O/C) ratios were 0.41 and 0.32 for summer and autumn,respectively). Positive matrix factorization(PMF) analysis identified three and five components in summer and autumn, respectively. In summer, an oxygenated OA(OOA), a cooking-emission-related OA(COA), and a hydrocarbon-like OA(HOA)were indentified. Meanwhile, the OOA was separated into LV-OOA(low-volatility OOA) and SV-OOA(semi-volatile OOA);and in autumn, a nitrogen-containing OA(NOA) was also found. The SOA(secondary OA) was always the most important OA component, accounting for 55% of the OA in the two seasons. Back trajectory clustering analysis found that the origin of the air masses was more complex in summer. Southerly air masses in both seasons were associated with the highest OA loading, while northerly air masses were associated with the lowest OA loading. A preliminary study of OA components,especially the POA(primary OA), in different periods found that the HOA and COA all decreased during the National Day holiday period, and HOA decreased at weekends compared with weekdays.     

Experimental Anelastic Strain Recovery Compliance of Three Typical Rocks

The experimental determination of anelastic strain recovery (ASR) compliances for three types of rocks (granite, marble, and sandstone) was performed in the laboratory. Preloading of specimens for uniaxial compression creep tests was at 50 % of the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) for each rock type. We obtained the shear mode Jas(t) and volumetric mode Jav(t) ASR compliances and calculated the ratio of Jas(t) to Jav(t). The Kelvin model for rock rheology was then applied in numerical simulations and the results were in good agreement with the measured data for Jas(t) and Jav(t). These results showed that both the magnitude and rate of increase of the ASR compliances are strongly dependent on the rock type, and the values of the Jas(t)/Jav(t) ratio for a loading of 50 % of the UCS showed a trend leading to different constants for each of the three rock types. Further experimental and numerical analyses showed approximate power-law relationships between the ASR compliances at 50 % of UCS, and both the UCS and the tangential Young’s modulus at 50 % of UCS (E _t50). These relationships may be useful for the preliminary estimation of ASR compliances.     

青海都兰红旗沟金矿床构造叠加晕深部找矿预测

红旗沟金矿床是青海省五龙沟矿集区Ⅸ号含金破碎蚀变带中的典型金矿床。文章通过对矿床元素组合、元素相关变化特点及主矿体赋矿构造中原生晕分布、组分分带、垂(轴)向分带序列变化规律、原生晕叠加特点等地球化学特征的综合分析,探讨了该矿床成矿热液活动地球化学规律和找矿标志模型,圈定了矿床深部第二富集带及矿化带深部有利盲矿赋矿空间,预测矿区深部具有较大的找矿潜力。     

A Study on Microstructure Composition of Unsaturated Red Mud and its Impact on Hydraulic Characteristics

Micro-test approaches like XRF, XRD and SEM and routine soil tests were applied to analyze the chemical composition, mineral composition, microstructure and basic physical property indicators of three kinds of red mud, which were the Bayer red mud, sintering red mud as well as the mixed red mud prepared by sintering red mud and the Bayer red mud at the mixture ratio of 1:1. On this basis, in the dehumidification-moisture absorption process, the relationship among matric suction, hydraulic conductivity and moisture content of the three types of red mud was studied by transient hydraulic characteristic cyclic test of unsaturated mud. The results indicated: physicochemical properties of the three kinds of red mud, such as mineral composition, microstructure and size grading varied remarkably; on the condition of the same moisture content, SWCC and HCFC of the three kinds of red mud demonstrated obvious hysteresis effect, which is the most significant on the Bayer mud, less on the sintering red mud and the least on the mixed mud; the Bayer red mud possess smaller hydraulic conductivity, worse drainage and stability.     

攀西地区森林康养指数综合分析

采用文献研究法、专家打分法和层次分析法,对攀西地区温度、湿度、海拔高度、绿化度、空气质量等森林康养指标进行分析,构建了森林康养指标的评价体系。结果表明:温度和空气质量在森林康养的各指标中影响占比最高;攀西地区空气污染物少,空气质量较好,绿化度较高,温度、湿度舒适,海拔高度适合人类最佳宜居;用ArcGis软件对攀西地区进行康养分级区划,一级康养区域分布在攀枝花的东区、西区、仁和、盐边、米易,凉山的德昌、宁南、西昌、会理、会东、盐源以及木里的河(江)谷地带或低海拔地区,是养老、病后康复和疾病疗养的首选之地,与国内城市如昆明、三亚等地比较更具康养优势。研究结果可为攀西地区森林康养产业的可持续发展提供必要的科学依据。     

近断层速度脉冲型地震动设计谱特征研究

选取161条速度脉冲型近断层地震动记录,采用最小二乘法拟合得到近断层地震动抗震设计Newmark三联谱,研究了震级、场地和断层类型对近断层设计谱的影响。结果表明：大震（级）相比小震（级）的影响较为显著,大震（级）下设计谱具有更宽的加速度敏感区段,中长周期段内的反应谱谱值更高;在3类断层类型中,大震（级）下逆斜断层的反应谱加速度敏感区段最宽,谱值最大。对于近断层区域的结构在大震（级）下应该考虑增大特征周期并提高设计谱谱值,还应充分考虑逆斜断层等断层类型的影响。     

基于HSIC核函数聚类的湖北省降雪气候区划

无资料地区雪灾防御参数常采用周边有资料的气象站参数替代,基于气候背景相似的降雪气候区划可以为代表站的选取提供科学依据。本文利用湖北省76个国家气象站1961—2020年的气象观测资料,选取了降雪初终日、雪日数、积雪日数、降雪量、最大积雪深度等12个多维时间序列指标,采用Hilbert-Schmidt Independence Criterion（HSIC）核函数的有偏估计公式计算12个指标的整体相似性,对湖北省降雪气候进行了聚类分析。结果表明：湖北省降雪气候可以划分为东南部、中部、西北部和西南部4个气候分区,分区的地带性分布特征与湖北省强降雪天气由北方冷空气南下产生的气候背景一致;初雪日从西北部向中部、西南部、东南部降雪区推迟,终雪日则正好相反,西北部的降雪日数和积雪日数最多;东南部代表站为黄石站,中部代表站有麻城、武汉、钟祥,西南部代表站有咸丰、巴东,西北部代表站郧西、老河口。HSIC核函数能很好处理较大年际波动的指标序列集之间的相似性,其聚类方法对湖北省降雪的气候区划较为合理,区划结果为湖北省精细化雪灾防御提供了技术依据。     

柴达木盆地盐类矿产成矿单元划分

柴达木盆地是我国主要的盐类存储矿带,有己发现并探明储量和资源量的矿产12种,氯化钾、氯化镁和氯化锂等资源储量居全国首位,同时不断有许多新地域、新层位、新类型、新深度的矿床/矿体被发现,显示出柴达木盆地具大的找矿潜力。本文在全国成矿单元划分基础上,利用最新研究成果,以柴达木盆地新生代地质构造环境为基础,突出盐类矿产原则,综合分析赋盐矿产的岩相、古气候、水文条件和盐类成矿规律及成矿特征等,全面系统地划分了柴达木盆地盐类矿产成矿单元。本文提出柴达木盆地Ⅰ级成矿域隶属秦祁昆成矿域,Ⅱ级成矿省属昆仑成矿省,Ⅲ级成矿区带为柴达木盆地锂-硼-钾-钠-镁-盐类-石油-天然气-芒硝-天然碱成矿带;进一步划分为柴北缘硼-锂-钾盐成矿亚带、中央钾-石盐-镁-锂-天青石-芒硝成矿亚带、昆北硼-钾-石盐-芒硝成矿亚带、察尔汗钾-石盐-镁-锂-硼-天然碱成矿亚带、德令哈石盐-天然碱成矿亚带5个Ⅳ级成矿亚带以及21个Ⅴ级矿集区。