We review the results of the geodetic and structural studies carried out on La Palma Island using geodetic and geophysical data during the period 1992–2007. InSAR and GPS observation techniques were applied to study the existence of deformation on the island and gravity observations were carried out for structural studies. Gravity data were inverted using a nonlinear three-dimensional gravity inversion approach to obtain the geometry of the anomalous bodies constructed in a random growth process with respect to an exponentially stratified background. The main structural feature is a large central body (under the Caldera de Taburiente) with high density, which was interpreted as the Pliocene-age uplifted seamount and a relatively dense intrusive plutonic complex/magma body. The Cumbre Vieja series is characterized by elongated minima distributed according to the rift structure. InSAR results show a clear subsidence located on the Teneguía volcano, where the last eruption took place in 1971. A thermal source is the most probable origin for this deformation. A GPS network composed of 26 stations covering the total island surface was set up. Vertical displacements determined comparing the GPS coordinates obtained in 2007 with coordinates determined in 1994 are consistent with the InSAR results obtained in the southern part of the island. This is not the case for the northern part. From the comparison of 2006 and 2007 coordinates it is clear that more time is needed to obtain significant displacements, but observed trends are also consistent with InSAR results. All the observed significant displacements are in stations located outside of the large high-density central body. 相似文献
An analytic formulation to understand the scattering, diffraction and attenuation of elastic waves at the neighborhood of fluid filled wells is presented. An important, and not widely exploited, technique to carefully investigate the wave propagation in exploration wells is the logging of sonic waveforms. Fundamental decisions and production planning in petroleum reservoirs are made by interpretation of such recordings. Nowadays, geophysicists and engineers face problems related to the acquisition and interpretation under complex conditions associated with conducting open-hole measurements. A crucial problem that directly affects the response of sonic logs is the eccentricity of the measuring tool with respect to the center of the borehole. Even with the employment of centralizers, this simple variation, dramatically changes the physical conditions on the wave propagation around the well. Recent works in the numerical field reported advanced studies in modeling and simulation of acoustic wave propagation around wells, including complex heterogeneities and anisotropy. However, no analytical efforts have been made to formally understand the wireline sonic logging measurements acquired with borehole-eccentered tools. In this paper, the Graf’s addition theorem was used to describe monopole sources in terms of solutions of the wave equation. The formulation was developed from the three-dimensional discrete wave-number method in the frequency domain. The cylindrical Bessel functions of the third kind and order zero were re-derived to obtain a simplified set of equations projected into a bi-dimensional plane-space for displacements and stresses. This new and condensed analytic formulation allows the straightforward calculation of all converted modes and their visualization in the time domain via Fourier synthesis. The main aim was to obtain spectral surfaces of transfer functions and synthetic seismograms that might be useful to understand the wave motion produced by the eccentricity of the source and explain in detail the new arising borehole propagation modes. Finally, time histories and amplitude spectra for relevant examples are presented and the validation of time traces using the spectral element method is reported. 相似文献
The state of Chiapas (SE México) conforms a territory of complex tectonics and high seismic activity. The interaction among the Cocos, North American and Caribbean tectonic plates, as well as the active crustal deformation inside Chiapas, determines a variety of seismogenic sources of distinct characteristics and particular strong ground motion attenuation. This situation makes the assessment of seismic hazard in the region a challenging task. In this work, we follow the methodology of probabilistic seismic hazard analysis, starting from the compilation of an earthquake catalogue, and the definition of seismogenic source-zones based on the particular seismotectonics of the region: plate-subduction-related sources (interface and intraslab zones), active crustal deformation zones and the shear zone between the North American and Caribbean plates formed by the Motagua, Polochic and Ixcán faults. The latter source is modelled in two different configurations: one single source-zone and three distinct ones. We select three ground motion prediction equations (GMPEs) recommended for South and Central America, plus two Mexican ones. We combine the GMPEs with the source-zone models in a logic tree scheme and produce hazard maps in terms of peak ground acceleration and spectral acceleration for the 500-, 1000- and 2500-year return periods, as well as uniform hazard spectra for the towns of Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Tapachula and San Cristóbal. We obtain higher values in comparison with previous seismic hazard studies and particularly much higher than the output of the Prodisis v.2.3 software for seismic design in México. Our results are consistent with those of neighbouring Guatemala obtained in a recent study for Central America.
Mineral particles could have influenced on the climate of Oviedo, a non-industrial city situated in the centre of an industrial
zone of the North of Spain, increasing the temperature and the precipitations, in spite of the fact that “greenhouse gases”
concentrations have diminished in this city in recent years. The directive (1999/30/EC) of the European Commission began to
be applied in Oviedo in the year 2003. In agreement with this norm, our first aim was the identification of the inorganic
particulate matter of the PM10 and PM2.5 fractions sampled in this city. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy
coupled with X-ray dispersive energy spectrometry were used. The percentages of the different mineral phases of the PM were
obtained by a Rietveld refinement of powder X-ray diffraction data. The compositions of the PM10 and PM2.5 fractions of this
city are similar. Sulphates are the most abundant particles in the both fractions. Most sulphates, nitrates and sal-ammoniac
would have formed by reaction between solid, liquid and/or gas particles and they could be associated with the power stations
near to the city and traffic. Wüstite and haematites come from the iron and steel industries of Gijón and Avilés. The main
natural sources of halite and carbonates and silicates are sea spray and soil resuspension by the wind, respectively. 相似文献
Asososca maar is located at the western outskirts of Managua, Nicaragua, in the central part of the active, N–S trending and right-lateral Nejapa–Miraflores fault that marks an offset of the Middle America Volcanic Arc. It constitutes one of the ∼ 21 vents aligned along the fault, between the Chiltepe Volcanic Complex to the North and Ticomo vents to the South. 相似文献
The Lower Cretaceous volcanic formations of Copiapó (Chile) host major stratiform, disseminated, vein, and stockwork mineral
deposits. Among these are the Punta del Cobre district (Cu-Fe) and the neighbouring, large Candelaria deposit (Cu-Fe-Au).
These deposits are likely to have formed during a major extensional event that was accompanied by granitoid emplacement that
triggered important contact metamorphism, metasomatic activity and mineralization processes. We suggest here that alteration-mineralization
processes developed within the upper-plate domain of a NNE-trending, ESE-dipping extensional system, while granitoids were
accomodated within the lower-plate. If this model prove to be right, `Candelaria-type' deposits may be hidden beneath the
present, higher structural position of the Punta del Cobre district.
Received: 13 May 1999 / Accepted: 2 August 1999 相似文献