寻路地图设计中相关问题研究

以郑州市街头的寻路地图为例,对其设计现状进行了分析,指出了这些地图的特点和其在设计上存在的不足之处.根据寻路地图的目的和用户的特殊性,制作了寻路地图样图,并就其在定向和路线选择等方面进行了试验,对实验结果进行了分析和研究.结果表明地图内容、参考方向和地图符号是影响用户定向和路线选择的主要因素.以此为基础,得出了寻路地图设计中应当遵循的一些规律.     

现代测量数据显示交互技术研究

介绍完成图像数据输出的有关算法,并主要讨论了交互技术的理论和方法,为最终实现测量数据可视化提供了技术基础。     

利用掩星资料分析东亚地区云厚的分布特征

利用2007年1月至2009年1月COSMIC掩星湿空气数据,基于相对湿度廓线出入云层时发生突变反演云边界高度的思想,统计分析了东亚地区云厚的分布特征。结果表明,掩星最低探测高度集中在3km以下,主要影响部分中云和低云云厚的反演。云发生概率沿纬度和经度方向呈现不同的分布特征,各类云概率随高度也有不同的变化规律。东亚地区所有云的平均厚度为1.78km,其中单层云和顶层云分布相似,双层云与其他云层的地理差异不大,单层云在春秋季分布相对均匀,而在夏冬季差异较大。夏季和冬季顶层云云顶高与云厚的二维频率分布各异,主要在于夏季有更多云体较厚且位于对流层上部的高云存在。     

Impact of GLONASS pseudorange inter-channel biases on satellite clock corrections

GLONASS carrier phase and pseudorange observations suffer from inter-channel biases (ICBs) because of frequency division multiple access (FDMA). Therefore, we analyze the effect of GLONASS pseudorange inter-channel biases on the GLONASS clock corrections. Different Analysis Centers (AC) eliminate the impact of GLONASS pseudorange ICBs in different ways. This leads to significant differences in the satellite and AC-specific offsets in the GLONASS clock corrections. Satellite and AC-specific offset differences are strongly correlated with frequency. Furthermore, the GLONASS pseudorange ICBs also leads to day-boundary jumps in the GLONASS clock corrections for the same analysis center between adjacent days. This in turn will influence the accuracy of the combined GPS/GLONASS precise point positioning (PPP) at the day-boundary. To solve these problems, a GNSS clock correction combination method based on the Kalman filter is proposed. During the combination, the AC-specific offsets and the satellite and AC-specific offsets can be estimated. The test results show the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed clock combination method. The combined clock corrections can effectively weaken the influence of clock day-boundary jumps on combined GPS/GLONASS kinematic PPP. Furthermore, these combined clock corrections can improve the accuracy of the combined GPS/GLONASS static PPP single-day solutions when compared to the accuracy of each analysis center alone.     

Mapping Wetland Areas Using Landsat-Derived NDVI and LSWI: A Case Study of West Songnen Plain,Northeast China

Increasing interest in wetlands for environmental management requires an understanding of the location, spatial extent, and configuration of the resource. The National Wetlands Inventory is the most commonly used data source for this information. However, its accuracy is limited in some contexts, such as agricultural and forested wetlands. An large number of studies have mapped wetlands worldwide from the perspective of land use and land cover change. However, information on the actual wetland planting areas annually is limited, which greatly impacts ongoing research. In this case study of the West Songnen Plain, we developed a simple algorithm for the quick mapping of wetlands by utilizing their unique physical features, such as annual display of phenological land-cover change of exposed soils, shallow flooding water, and plants from multi-temporal Landsat images. Temporal variations of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Land Surface Water Index (LSWI) derived from Landsat images in 2010 for wetlands at different growth stages were analyzed. Results show that during the ante-tillering phase, the NDVI value (above zero) is lower than the LSWI value of paddies because of flooding of shallow water; during the reproductive and ripening phases, the NDVI value is higher than the LSWI value (above zero); and during the post-harvest wetland planting phase, the NDVI value is still higher than the LSWI value, but the LSWI value is negative. Wetland areas can be detected using one or two images in the optimum time window. The algorithm based on the difference of NDVI and LSWI values derived from Landsat images was used to extract the actual wetland planting area. Validated alongside statistical data, the algorithm showed high accuracy. Therefore, this algorithm highlights the unique features of wetlands and can help in mapping the actual wetland area annually on a regional scale. Results further indicate that the new method has a classification accuracy of 92 %. In comparison, two traditional methods based on Landsat-7/ETM registered accuracy rates of only 83 % and 87 % respectively.     

基于ArcGIS Server的医院网络地理信息服务系统

为解决目前医院地理信息服务系统在信息共享、空间分析等方面的不足,采用ArcGIS Server组件、C#编程语言、SQL Server数据库研发了医院网络地理信息服务系统。该系统以天地图作为基础地理数据,融合医院空间与医疗信息,并部署到互联网环境中。除具有医疗专题信息的网络浏览与查询外,系统还实现了诸多空间分析、地学统计等功能,既可为市民就医提供更全面的信息查询,又可为医疗事故的突发与应急提供技术支撑。     

Measurement of similarity for spatial directions between areal objects

Similarity for spatial directions plays an important role in GIS. In this paper, the conventional approaches are analyzed. Based on raster data areal objects, the authors propose two new methods for measuring similarity among spatial directions. One is to measure the similarity among spatial directions based on the features of raster data and the changes of distances between spatial objects, the other is to measure the similarity among spatial directions according to the variation of each raster cell centroid angle. The two methods overcome the complexity of measuring similarity among spatial directions with direction matrix model and solve the limitation of small changes in direction. The two methods are simple and have broader applicability.     

粗精匹配结合的矢量道路辅助惯性导航算法

针对无源环境下无法采用卫星导航定位方式对惯性导航系统的累积误差进行修正的问题,提出一种采用高精度的矢量道路数据进行粗精匹配的导航校正算法。该方法首先通过分析惯导轨迹的特征标示点以及外接矩形,剔除明显的误匹配道路和冗余道路,获取待匹配道路集合;进而,结合ICCP算法具有匹配精度较高,匹配结果较稳定的优点,完成惯导轨迹位置误差的补偿和校正;最后,根据匹配方差和历史匹配轨迹对匹配结果的准确性进行分析和判断。仿真实验结果表明,该算法能够提高惯性导航定位误差的校正精度,减少在复杂道路交叉口等情况的误匹配。     

一种利用影像多尺度特征的DOM不可见水印方法

数字正射影像是测绘地理信息服务的基础数据之一。根据生产单位数据现状和对遥感影像数字水印的需求,本文综合利用影像的光谱、纹理和属性特征,提出了利用影像多尺度特征的DOM不可见水印方法。该方法首先结合小波分解和Harris特征算子提取影像多尺度特征,确定多水印的最佳嵌入区域;再利用扩频化的DWT算法嵌入不可见数字水印;最后利用影像属性信息辅助提取水印。本文从主观分析、客观分析和鲁棒性分析3个方面评价了嵌入水印影像,分析结果表明,该方法能够自动、有效地在DOM上嵌入多个不可见数字水印,多水印嵌入和影像属性信息相结合提取水印的策略极大提高了水印鲁棒性和水印检测成功率,可以满足实际生产对水印不可见性、安全性、高效性和鲁棒性的要求。     

数字哈密地理信息公共服务平台设计与实现

以数字哈密地理信息公共服务平台建设为例,总结研究了地理信息公共服务平台设计和建设方案。通过信息提取、扩充、重组等整合处理建立适应信息时代要求的公共数据集,开发具备信息集成、浏览查询、统计分析、互联互通以及二次开发等功能的分布式服务系统,配置完善的软件、硬件和网络支撑环境,建成权威的地理信息公共平台,实现地理空间信息和其他专题信息的实时交换和共享,服务和推进政府及各部门的信息化建设。