德兴铜矿花岗闪长斑岩成岩过程分异的初始岩浆流体HF、HCl浓度特征

用全岩锆饱和温度计和角闪石Al压力计计算得到德兴花岗闪长斑岩体的平均结晶温度为(790±50)℃,压力为(198±60)MPa。以此温压条件为前提,根据化学反应平衡时各组分浓度与反应吉布斯自由能的关系,在假设磷灰石中F-、Cl-与OH-理想替位的前提下,运用电子探针测试及计算得到的花岗闪长斑岩中斑晶矿物磷灰石F-、Cl-、OH-浓度,计算得到磷灰石结晶时流体中HF、HCl的活度分别为0.00079和0.196mol/L。这个浓度代表了岩浆结晶早期分异的初始岩浆流体中HF和HCl的含量特征,且HCl的有效浓度远远大于HF,暗示德兴花岗质岩浆分异的初始岩浆流体富含能与成矿元素Cu形成稳定络合物的挥发性组分Cl,有利于形成花岗质岩浆热液铜矿床。     

Impacts of topography and land cover change on thunderstorm over the Huangshan (Yellow Mountain) area of China

In this study, the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model (version 3.1.1) was used to simulate a thunderstorm event which occurred on August 18, 2010, over the Yellow Mountain area of China. This event was a typical thunderstorm embedded in high-pressure systems. First, the development processes of mountain–valley breeze and convective cells were studied; second, this study focused on revealing the influencing mechanism of complex topography and heterogeneous land cover on thunderstorm by removing the Yellow Mountain and changing the land use categories. On flat terrain, the simulated results displayed that the convection weakened persistently, cloud top decreased sharply, and intensity of precipitation reduced. Moreover, there was no up-slope valley breeze, convergence, and lifting of water vapor could be found on the mountaintop. Then, the role of land use was revealed by changing original land cover into grassland, mixed forests, and bare soil in the innermost area, respectively. When covered by grassland, there were less sensible heating and lower moisture, leading to the planet boundary layer height decreasing and vertical lifting weakening, which tended to cause more stable atmosphere and less rainfall on the mountaintop; when covered by mixing forests, only small differences presented in simulated meteorological fields, including wind fields, moisture, cloud water mixing ratio, precipitation, and other fields; when covered by bare soil, the latent heating was more important in influencing the process of thunderstorm. There were less latent heating and lower accumulated water vapor compared to other experiments, causing vertical lifting weakening, stability of atmosphere increasing, and precipitation decreasing.     

在线专题地图集内容与符号的尺度变换

经典制图综合的理论与方法在在线专题地图集的设计中赋予了新的内涵,尺度变换下在线地图集的内容与表达的合理变换是在线地图集设计的关键技术之一。论文基于静态瓦片地图模型和实时渲染地图模型探讨在线专题地图集内容变换与符号变换的方法与实现,以期为自动综合下的多尺度表达实现提供依据。     

快速城镇化背景下“中国传统村落”命名手段的效果分析——以江西省的空间制图分析为例

快速城镇化是古村落消失的主要原因。为阻止这种趋势,保护、利用古村落遗产,自然资源部、文化旅游部、国家文物局、财政部四部门联合公布“中国传统村落”名单。论文的研究目标是用地理学的空间分析方法,分析这种行政手段的有效性。选择江西省作为案例地的原因是江西“中国传统村落”数量超过中国各省平均值,相关数据容易获得。论文提出2个先验命题：一是在城镇化辐射强的地带古村落保护受到的挑战最大;二是“中国传统村落”命名的行政措施在一定程度上阻止了村落建筑遗产的消失。采用夜晚灯光遥感数据、GDP和人口的栅格数据、交通路网数据确定6个城镇化辐射等级地带,而后与“中国传统村落”密度、文物数据、新村数据对比。经过分析,支持了上述2个命题,从而表明“中国传统村落”命名手段虽然不能挽回消失的古村落,但是在一定程度阻止了消失的趋势。     

Assessment of the impact of different vegetation patterns on soil erosion processes on semiarid loess slopes

Soil erosion hinders the recovery and development of ecosystems in semiarid regions. Rainstorms, coupled with the absence of vegetation and improper land management, are important causes of soil erosion in such areas. Greater effort should be made to quantify the initial erosion processes and try to find better solutions for soil and water conservation. In this research, 54 rainfall simulations were performed to assess the impacts of vegetation patterns on soil erosion in a semiarid area of the Loess Plateau, China. Three rainfall intensities (15 mm h^‐1, 30 mm h^‐1 and 60 mm h^‐1) and six vegetation patterns (arbors‐shrubs‐grass ‐A‐S‐G‐, arbors‐grass‐shrubs ‐A‐G‐S‐, shrubs‐arbors‐grass ‐S‐A‐G‐, shrubs‐grass‐arbors ‐S‐G‐A‐, grass‐shrubs‐arbors ‐G‐S‐A‐ and grass‐arbors‐shrubs ‐G‐A‐S‐) were examined at different slope positions (summits, backslopes and footslopes) in the plots (33.3%, 33.3%, 33.3%), respectively. Results showed that the response of soil erosion to rainfall intensity differed under different vegetation patterns. On average, increasing rainfall intensity by 2 to 4 times induced increases of 3.1 to 12.5 times in total runoff and 6.9 to 46.4 times in total sediment yield, respectively. Moreover, if total biomass was held constant across the slope, the patterns of A‐G‐S and A‐S‐G (planting arbor at the summit position) had the highest runoff (18.34 L m^‐2 h^‐1) and soil losses (197.98 g m^‐2 h^‐1), while S‐A‐G had the lowest runoff (5.51 L m^‐2 h^‐1) and soil loss (21.77 g m^‐2 h^‐1). As indicated by redundancy analysis (RDA) and Pearson correlation results, a greater volume of vegetation located on the back‐ and footslopes acted as effective buffers to prevent runoff generation and sediment yield. Our findings indicated that adjusting vegetation position along slopes can be a crucial tool to control water erosion and benefit ecosystem restoration on the Loess Plateau and other similar regions of the world. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

渤海湾西岸海陆风特征对城市热岛响应的观测分析

利用2008年全年渤海湾西岸(天津)14个自动气象站逐小时资料和6 h一次的地面常规资料,采用统计分析的方法,研究了天津城市热岛效应对渤海湾西岸海陆风的影响.结果表明:在冷岛和强热岛条件下,渤海湾西岸海风的发生频率较低,强热岛阻碍了海风向内陆的传播;内陆站在弱热岛条件下出现最大海风的频次较高,但其海风强度与无热岛或冷岛状况下相比要小一些;城市热岛效应的出现,推迟了城市周围郊区站海风的开始时间,缩短了海风的持续时间;城市站的海风风速与热岛强度呈负相关关系,但热岛效应对陆风风速的影响较强,陆风风速在热岛强度小于2.6℃时,随着其值的增大而减小,反之则增加;当海风向内陆延伸时,热岛强度会在午后海风盛行时段内增强,并与传播到此处的海风环流叠加,导致近地层海风风速增强,并可西伸至城市中心.     

中国西北地表能量分配影响因子及特征空间法适用性北大核心CSCD

利用2009年地面实测资料,分析中国西北地区不同气候区潜热、感热及其与净辐射之比随土壤体积含水量、土壤温度及入射辐射的变化特征,并结合2000—2018年中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)产品讨论特征空间法在中国西北地区的适用性。结果表明:在以玛曲站为代表的高寒湿润区,入射能量始终是潜热的主导因素,用于潜热估算的斜率φ可直接取1.26,潜热估算精度依赖于净辐射的反演结果。在以兰州大学半干旱气候与环境监测站(SACOL,榆中站)和长武站为代表的半干旱、半湿润区,当入射能量充足时,土壤水分成为潜热的主导因子,这时候使用特征空间法估算的斜率φ值与实测值相关性显著,φ的估算精度将直接影响潜热估算结果。所以,特征空间法适用于以水分为潜热主导因子的地区和时段,且要满足植被指数与地表温度呈负相关。另外需要注意的是在选择特征空间法研究区时必须保证植被指数与地表温度的散点呈规则的“三角形”。     

山东省近50年来降水事件变化特征

基于1951—2017年淮河流域及其周边68个气象站的年暴雨日数和年最大日降水量数据,采用经验模态分解方法分析暴雨频率和强度的平均趋势和周期,采用Copulas函数分析暴雨的综合危险度及重现期,探讨淮河流域暴雨危险度的时空变化特征。结果表明：(1) 流域暴雨频次呈现先降后升趋势,转折点在1980年左右;暴雨强度则一直呈显著的线性上升趋势。暴雨频率和强度的主周期均为准2 a。(2) 全流域90 % 以上的暴雨频次在3 d及以内,且暴雨强度小于100 mm。暴雨频率和强度超过该阈值后,增加显著变缓。暴雨重现期值随两单指标值的增加而增大,且增大速率逐步变快。(3) 暴雨频次和强度的平均变化趋势的高值在空间格局上基本一致,且两指标升降趋势的面积比相当。(4) 流域暴雨危险度联合概率的均值和最小值空间格局基本一致,最大值分布则比较分散。流域西北部的部分区域虽然暴雨频次和强度呈现下降趋势,但联合概率估计的暴雨危险度均值和最小值却很高。

     

Ing. Vratislav Chudoba sechzig Jahre alt

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Evaluating the Ecological Security of Land Resources based on Multi-source Data in the Altay Region of China

As a material carrier contributing to human survival and social sustainable development, the ecological environment is declining in its integrity and overall health. With the rapid development of society and economy, it is currently very necessary to carry out ecological security evaluation research to provide scientific guidance and suggestions for the construction of ecological civilization and the harmonious co-existence between man and nature. Taking Altay region as the research area, this paper collected and integrated regional geological, geographical, cultural, socio-economic, and statistical data, as well as previous research results. Combined with DPSIR and EES framework model, the evaluation index system of land resource ecological security in Altay region was constructed by using the analytic hierarchy process, entropy method and linear weighted summation function method. Using this index system, the evaluation research work was carried out to determine the current state of the security situation and the major threats which should be addressed. (1) The overall ecological security situation of Altay region was relatively safe, while the local ecological security situation was relatively fragile. Among them, the areas with safe and safer ecological environment accounted for 38.72%, while the areas with critically safe status accounted for 30.83%, and the areas with a less safe and unsafe environment accounted for 30.45%. In terms of spatial characteristics, the areas with unsafe ecological environment were mainly distributed in the west and east of the study area, while the areas with good ecological environment were distributed in the north of the study area. (2) Large-scale mining activities, frequent geological disasters, large-scale reclamation and long-term cultivation of arable land, and long-term large-scale grazing activities resulting in the destruction of grassland and vegetation were the main factors leading to the prominent ecological security problems of land resources in the Altay region. Therefore, in the process of the continuous development of the urban economy, we should pay more attention to the harmony between man and nature, and also actively and effectively advocate and implement certain policies and measures, such as returning farmland to forest, returning grazing land to grassland and integrating the mining of mineral resources.