水位波动的幅度与频率对刺苦草(Vallisneria spinulosa)生物量和形态特征的影响

沉水植物是维持浅水湖泊清水稳态以及湖泊生态系统结构与功能的关键生物类群.近年来,气候变化和人类活动的双重作用造成湖泊水文情势的明显改变,对沉水植物的生长、繁殖和演替有着较大的影响.本文选取2个水位波动幅度与2个波动频率(逐渐改变水位),以恒定水位作为对照,研究湿地中具有重要生态功能的沉水植物刺苦草(Vallisneria spinulosa)的生物量及地上和地下营养器官形态结构对水位波动的响应.结果表明,相对于恒定水位,波动水位(低幅度低频率、低幅度高频率、高幅度低频率、高幅度高频率)对刺苦草的总生物量和获取限制资源相关器官有显著影响.相比于对照组,水位波动能够显著降低刺苦草分株数、叶片数、根数、根长、匍匐茎数、总匍匐茎长以及叶、根、地上和地下生物量,但会显著增加其株高和比叶面积.不同波动频率(低频率和高频率)和幅度(低幅度和高幅度)对光合器官的形态特征都没有显著影响,但叶和地上部分的生物量积累均受到波动幅度的显著影响.水位波动幅度显著改变了刺苦草的根数和根长,而波动频率的影响不显著.因此,对浅水湖泊受损刺苦草群落进行重建时,应避免较大幅度的水位波动,从而有利于增强植株快速恢复的能力.     

新疆喀什及邻近区域流动地磁和流动重力联合分析研究

利用2014-2015年南天山地区45个测点的2期流动地磁资料,分析喀什及邻近区域相邻两期岩石圈磁场的动态变化特征,同时,利用2014-2016年170个测点的4期流动重力资料,分析不同时间尺度的重力场动态变化信息。研究表明:皮山6.5级地震的发生对皮山一带的地磁矢量分布特征影响较大,总磁场强度、磁偏角和磁倾角均有变化;无论是半年尺度还是一年尺度的重力变化图像都显示乌恰一直处于重力变化的高梯度带;综合多手段的观测资料对震情形势的判定更为准确。     

Interactions between natural biofilm,substratum surface wettability,and mussel plantigrade settlement

Mytilus galloprovincialis is a major fouling organism in the inter-tidal zone. However, the interactions between M. galloprovincialis plantigrade settlement, biofilm characteristics, and surface wettability remains unknown. Here, we examined M. galloprovincialis plantigrade settlement responses to marine biofilms (BFs) on surfaces of varying wettability. No significant difference in mussel settlement was observed on young BFs (7 d) on surfaces of differing wettability; while settlement decreased on older BFs (14, 21, and 28 d) formed on low compared to high wettability surfaces. Surface wettability affected BF characteristics. The standardized harmonic mean and water contact angles values were not correlated with diatom density and chlorophyll a concentration, but were correlated with bacterial density, dry weight, and thickness. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis revealed that bacterial community structure differed on BFs on surfaces of varying wettability. Thus, surface wettability affects biofilm characteristics, and the subsequent changes in BF characteristics may be responsible for the variation in biofilm-inducing activity of M. galloprovincialis plantigrade settlement.     

中国西部冰川对近期气候变暖的响应*

中国冰川主要分布在青藏高原及周边地区,在这一广大的区域内分布有冰川46377条。研究表明,中国西部变暖显著,1950年代以来平均气温上升0.2℃/10a,其中1990年代是近千年中最暖的10年;同时,1950s以来西北各省的降水量增加了约18 ％ 。为认识这一气候变化对中国西部冰川的影响,利用遥感和地理信息系统方法,获取了近50a来5000多条冰川的变化状况。结果表明,中国西部82.2 ％ 的冰川处于退缩状态,冰川面积减少了4.5 ％ ,同时也有一些冰川处于前进状态。此外,近数十年中国西部冰川变化表现出明显的区域差异,青藏高原中部和西北部地区的冰川相对稳定,而高原周边山区的冰川物质亏损严重,处于加速退缩状态。     

龙门山断裂带科学钻探3号井孔附近微震近震震级与矩震级的关系及意义

通过震源谱拟合得到龙门山断裂带科学钻探3号井孔附近218个微震的矩震级,并分别基于《地震台站监测规范》的量规函数(量规函数GF)和李学政等(2003)的量规函数(量规函数LXZ)计算了这些微震的两种近震震级。基于回归分析得到了两种近震震级与矩震级的关系,并讨论了此关系可能隐含的意义。近震震级与矩震级拟合关系M_W=a+bM_L中系数b的取值与应力降Δσ和地震矩M_0的关系相关,b=1/(1+γ)等价于Δσ∝M_0~γ,本文对应于γ=1的情形。由于动态应力降在数值上与静态应力降差别不大,这种关系同样适用于折合能量和视应力,因此仅根据拟合关系M_W=a+bM_L中b的大小就可以判断地震矩与应力降、折合能量及视应力的关系。基于量规函数LXZ得到的近震震级与能量震级更为接近,且两者在与矩震级的拟合关系M_W=a+bM_L中有相同的b,接近于0.5,这既印证了从b的大小来判断应力降与地震矩关系的论断,也说明从能量的角度来看量规函数LXZ优于量规函数GF。     

九寨沟M_S7.0地震对巴颜喀拉块体东北缘活动断裂影响的有限元模拟

在详细调研地震地质资料的基础上,构建了巴颜喀拉地块东北缘三维有限元模型。以九寨沟M_S7.0地震同震位错为荷载,模拟计算了九寨沟地震的发生对巴颜喀拉块体东北缘主要活动断裂加卸载效应的影响。模拟结果显示,九寨沟地震的发生对龙日坝断裂、虎牙断裂、青川-平武断裂西段、迭部-白龙江断裂西段和东段、临潭-宕昌断裂东段,以及处于甘青川交界危险区内的东昆仑断裂东段、塔藏断裂西段,处于六盘山南-西秦岭东危险区的西秦岭北缘断裂东段表现为库仑应力加载;对岷江断裂、塔藏断裂东段库仑应力卸载效应显著。     

基于无人机影像的九寨沟地震建筑物震害定量评估

利用2017年8月8日九寨沟7.0级地震震后获取的无人机影像,结合地面震害调查资料,分析各类建筑物震害特征,建立建筑物震害无人机遥感解译标志;选取地震灾区漳扎镇(部分区域)和荷叶寨2个区域作为研究区,进行了无人机遥感建筑物震害提取,基于遥感震害指数进行了震害定量评估,并与现场建筑物震害调查统计结果进行了比较验证。结果显示,遥感解译建筑物震害与实际震害程度相吻合,表明利用震后快速获取的高分辨率无人机影像,可以较为准确地识别建筑物震害,进而为地震灾害定量评估和应急救援辅助决策提供重要参考。     

Observational and model studies of synoptic current fluctuations in the Bohai Strait on the Chinese continental shelf

Ocean Dynamics - Three winter storms struck the Bohai and Yellow seas in succession during February 16–25, 2017. Periodic fluctuations of sea level, currents, temperature, and salinity were...     

The importance of aspect for modelling the hydrological response in a glacier catchment in Central Asia

Understanding how explicit consideration of topographic information influences hydrological model performance and upscaling in glacier dominated catchments remains underexplored. In this study, the Urumqi glacier no. 1 catchment in northwest China, with 52% of the area covered by glaciers, was selected as study site. A conceptual glacier‐hydrological model was developed and tested to systematically, simultaneously, and robustly reproduce the hydrograph, separate the discharge into contributions from glacier and nonglacier parts of the catchment, and establish estimates of the annual glacier mass balance, the annual equilibrium line altitude, and the daily catchment snow water equivalent. This was done by extending and adapting a recently proposed landscape‐based semidistributed conceptual hydrological model (FLEX‐Topo) to represent glacier and snowmelt processes. The adapted model, FLEX^G, allows to explicitly account for the influence of topography, that is, elevation and aspect, on the distribution of temperature and precipitation and thus on melt dynamics. It is shown that the model can not only reproduce long‐term runoff observations but also variations in glacier and snow cover. Furthermore, FLEX^G was successfully transferred and up‐scaled to a larger catchment exclusively by adjusting the areal proportions of elevation and aspect without the need for further calibration. This underlines the value of topographic information to meaningfully represent the dominant hydrological processes in the region and is further exacerbated by comparing the model to a model formulation that does not account for differences in aspect (FLEX^G,nA) and which, in spite of satisfactorily reproducing the observed hydrograph, does not capture the influence of spatial variability of snow and ice, which as a consequence reduces model transferability. This highlights the importance of accounting for topography and landscape heterogeneity in conceptual hydrological models in mountainous and snow‐, and glacier‐dominated regions.     

Development of the Multipurpose Timing Instrument Based on BDS

With the increasingly high requirement of clock source accuracy for seismic data servers and equipment, the development of a multipurpose timing system is urgently needed in the seismic industry. We have developed low-cost timing equipment according to the actual earthquake industry situation. This set of timing equipment can provide a unified solution to the different environment and different earthquake instruments with different timing precision demands.