Climate Variability and Land-use Change in Danangou Watershed, China—Examples of Small-Scale Farmers' Adaptation

With global concern on climate change impacts, developing countries are given special attention due their susceptibility. In this paper, change and variability in climate, land use and farmers' perception, adaptation and response to change are examined in Danangou watershed in the Chinese Loess Plateau. The first focus is to look at how climate data recorded at meteorological stations recently have evolved, and how farmers perceived these changes. Further, we want to see how the farmers respond and adapt to climate variability and what the resulting impact on land use is. Finally, other factors causing change in land use are considered. Local precipitation and temperature instrumental data and interview data from farmers were used. The instrumental data shows that the climate is getting warmer and drier, the latter despite large interannual variability. The trend is seen on the local and regional level. Farmers' perception of climatic variability corresponds well with the data record. During the last 20 years, the farmers have become less dependent on agriculture by adopting a more diversified livelihood. This adaptation makes them less vulnerable to climate variability. It was found that government policies and reforms had a stronger influence on land use than climate variability. Small-scale farmers should therefore be considered as adaptive to changing situations, planned and non-consciously planned.     

构造地球化学的回顾与展望

较早的构造地球化学研究思想是“经受着变形的岩石可以发生化学变化”( Sorby,1863).经过长期、广泛和深入研究,相继提出了应力矿物、构造变质、构造动力成岩成矿、改造成矿、构造相和构造地球化学等概念和认识,揭示了构造作用在控制岩石形成和变形过程中还影响其中地球化学元素的分布、分异和成矿等,推动了大地构造、区域地质、...     

日以下尺度降雨随机模拟研究进展

目前我国作物生长、土壤侵蚀等应用模式发展很快,利用这些模式进行气候变化影响评价的研究逐渐成为热点,但日以下尺度降雨观测资料却严重不足,迫切需要针对我国复杂的气候条件建立日以下尺度降雨模拟模型,为应用模式提供更为精细的降雨资料输入。重点从次降雨事件的划分方法、次降雨事件模型的模拟过程、Bartlett-Lewis和Neyman-Scott点过程模型的模拟过程、参数估计、参数敏感性分析以及模型改进等方面综合概述了日以下尺度降雨随机模拟的进展,同时给出这几种模型的对比研究结果,从而为人们根据不同目的和条件选择不同模型提供借鉴。最后指出,结合点过程和次降雨事件等方法优点的混合模型——基于天气分型的随机模拟模型以及将统计与动力方法相结合的模拟模型,可能是未来降雨模拟的重要发展方向。     

东北地区月平均大气环流型与哈尔滨气候关系的初步研究

利用基于英国Lamb(1950年)发展的大气环流分型方法的Jenkinson(1977年)法对东北地区1951—2002年的月平均海平面气压场(MSLP)进行环流分型。由月平均海平面气压场算出6个环流指数,并由此划分出27种环流类型,分析了其中出现频率最高的5种主要环流类型(N,NW,C,CSW,SW)在不同时间尺度下的变化规律及它们与哈尔滨月平均温度的关系,利用逐步回归方法得到了温度距平的拟合曲线。给出了各种环流类型的月平均降水量和与哈尔滨降水密切相关的C,CSW和SW 3种环流类型对应的平均海平面气压合成图。结果表明:哈尔滨冬季以N,NW型为主,夏季以C,CSW和SW型为主。出现N和NW型时气温偏低,降水偏少;而出现C,CSW和SW型时气温较高,降水偏多。用6个环流指数中的地转风V和大尺度平均温度t可以建立其与温度距平之间的一个统计模式,利用此模式,能解释哈尔滨1951—2002年温度变化方差的77.3%。C,CSW和SW 3种环流类型为哈尔滨的主要降水类型,C型与哈尔滨总降水的相关关系很好,并且近20年来哈尔滨主要以C型降水为主。这种研究大尺度大气环流与区域气候变量—温度、降水之间关系的方法是一种统计降尺度(statistical downscaling)方法,可以用于区域气候预测。     

火山岩吸附CO2气的成藏潜力及实例分析

火山岩的脱气实验和对昌德东CO2气藏气源的分析结果表明加热火山岩到250℃时,脱出挥发分总量为0.0299～0.0790mL/g,其中CO2脱出量为0.0218～0.0706mL/g(0.429～1.387wt%);挥发组分以CO2为主,还含有H2、CO、CH4等还原性气体,以及少量低碳烷烃,CO2含量和总烃呈现反比关系;基性岩的CO2脱出量、脱出率高于中、酸性岩;CO2脱出量与岩石碱质含量正相关.松辽盆地北部昌德东CO2气藏成藏模式为"自生自储",成藏CO2气主要来自深部被火山岩吸附的气.随岩浆上升,在岩浆冷凝成火山岩的过程中被吸附于火山岩的节理、劈理和晶体位错之中的CO2气,连同火山岩包体中的残留气,成为高纯CO2气藏的主要补给源,并非地幔气体沿大断裂上来直接充注成藏.     

基于随机森林-特征递归消除模型的可解释性缓丘岭谷地貌滑坡易发性评价

研究旨在基于随机森林-特征递归消除模型,通过SHAP算法(SHapley Additive exPlanation, SHAP)与部分依赖图(Partial Dependence Plot, PDP)对缓丘岭谷地貌区域进行滑坡易发性评价与内部机制解释,以期为地质灾害防治研究提供参考。利用优化随机森林算法对典型缓丘岭谷地区滑坡易发性进行研究,建立缓丘岭谷滑坡易发性评价模型;利用特征递归消除算法剔除噪声因子,选取地形地貌、地质构造、环境条件、人类活动5个类型16个因子构建重庆合川区滑坡致灾因子数据库;结合合川区754个历史滑坡点,利用随机森林算法对因子重要性进行排序,并根据专家经验法对研究区的滑坡易发性进行划分,将研究区的滑坡易发性分为极低、低、中、高、极高5个等级;应用部分依赖图对合川区滑坡发生影响大的因子进行解释和SHAP算法对个体滑坡进行局部解释。结果表明：与原模型相比,随机森林-特征递归消除模型测试集AUC值提高了0.019,证明了特征递归消除算法的有效性;训练集以及测试集的AUC值分别为0.769、0.755,具有较高的预测精度;缓丘缓坡地区在起伏较大地区滑坡密度较大,历史滑坡多集中于高易发地区;滑坡的空间分布具有不均匀性与复杂性,各致灾因子对滑坡发生的影响有着明显的区域特征与空间异质性,在缓坡丘陵地区多年平均降雨、高程、岩性3个因子对滑坡发生的影响最大;由SHAP算法对合川白塔坪上山公路滑坡事件进行解释,岩性与高程对滑坡起抑制作用,起伏度、坡度、归一化植被指数(NDVI)与POI核密度促进滑坡发生。综上所述,基于随机森林-特征递归消除模型在缓丘岭谷区滑坡易发性评价中具有较高的准确性,通过部分依赖图与SHAP算法对全局滑坡与个体滑坡发生的内在机理进行解释分析,有利于构建与完善不同地貌环境下滑坡易发性评价因子体系并探究滑坡内部决策机理,可为区域滑坡易发性评估与地质灾害防治提供参考。     

南华北东部徐淮地区新元古界生烃潜力分析

通过地层特征、有机地球化学指标和岩相古地理的分析,研究了南华北东部(徐淮地区)新元古界作为烃源岩及形成原生油气藏的可能性。结果表明:徐淮地区新元古界有机质丰度低,母质类型为Ⅰ型干酪根,热演化程度处于成熟—过成熟阶段; 自下而上可划分为青白口系刘老碑组和南华系贾园组—魏集组两套烃源岩,后者又细分为贾园组—九顶山组和张渠组—魏集组两套烃源岩,均仅达到较差烃源岩标准。从烃源条件来看,刘老碑组、张渠组—魏集组和贾园组—九顶山组依次变差; 淮北地区比淮南地区更有利。建议该区有利含油气远景区段为蚌埠古隆起周边地带的低热演化区块。     

以树轮宽度重建公元1558年以来华山5～6月平均温度及20世纪中后期升温

通过对秦岭东端华山地区油松树木年轮宽度序列的分析研究,探讨了华山地区油松对气候环境响应的敏感性,结果表明在华山地区油松对气温和降水的响应均高于华山松,与 5～6月平均温度相关较高,且通过了0.01显著性信度检验。在此基础上,我们重建了华山地区 1558～2006年间 5～6月的平均温度,重建序列的方差解释量达到41%。结果显示： 华山过去449年中,大部分年份 5～6月平均温度在平均值附近波动,变幅不大; 重建序列可与秦岭南五台 5～7月温度序列进行良好对比,其年际间相关系数达到了0.49(N＝246, p<0.0001)。华山地区20世纪 20～30年代初的暖期略偏低; 20世纪30年代中期至50年代是整个重建时段中低温持续时间较长的时段; 20世纪60年代之后,气温波动平缓; 从20世纪70年代开始快速升温,对全球变暖有较强响应。     

Co-varying temperatures at 200 hPa over the Earth’s three poles

The Earth’s three poles,the North Pole,South Pole,and Third Pole(i.e.,the Tibetan Plateau and its surroundings),hold the largest amount of fresh water on Earth as glaciers,sea ice,and snow.They are sensitive to climate change.However,the linkages between climate variations of the three poles,particularly between the South Pole and Third Pole,remain largely unknown.The temperatures at 200 hPa over the three poles are the highest in the summer and are less affected by surface conditions,which could reflect large-scale dynamic linkages.Temperatures at 200 hPa peak the three poles during their respective hemispheric summer and exhibit in-phase variations on interdecadal timescales(10–100 years).The 200 hPa temperatures over the North Pole and South Pole were significantly correlated with the Brewer-Dobson circulation(BDC),which transports stratospheric ozone poleward,heating the air at 200 hPa.Tropopause warming over the Third Pole was found to enhance the poleward BDC,particularly to the South Pole,linking the Third Pole’s climate to the other two poles.Additionally,the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation(IPO)also exhibits links with the 200 hPa temperatures of the three poles.     

Association between winter temperature in China and upper air circulation over East Asia revealed by canonical correlation analysis

Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) was used to study the relationship between the winter temperature in China and the circulation at 500 hPa over East Asia. CCA identifies a number of paired patterns that depend on Principle Component (PC) truncation of the two fields. Retaining more PCs usually gives more physically meaningful CCA patterns, but the leading paired pattern has often less explained variance. When fewer PCs are adopted, the leading pattern possesses larger variance. However, it is often distorted in comparison with PC or rotated PC patterns. Various combinations with different PC and CCA patterns remained were tried, which shows that retaining as many PCs as possible and using the first several CCAs instead of only the first give most reasonable connection mechanisms. A statistical downscaling model based on CCA modes linking temperature with circulation was established to quantify the extent to which temperature variation can be explained by circulation. The model was optimised by varying numbers of the PCs and the CCA modes retained. With 13th PC truncation in the circulation and 8th PC truncation in the temperature as well as five CCA modes retained, the optimal CCA model is achieved based on cross-validation. The optimal downscaling model accounts for 47.5% temperature variance on average. However, there is a remarkable regional difference, which ranges from 10% to 70% in brier-based score (BBS). It is concluded that 500-hPa circulation is strongly linked to surface temperature in parts of the country, but it alone is not sufficient to achieve a successful statistical downscaling of the temperature for whole China.