不同结构的岩石试件变形破坏与孔隙压力关系的实验研究

根据华北地区地震地下水位动态观测井的含水层岩性、埋深与承压水头大小等实际条件，对具有不同结构的四种岩性试件，在不同围压、初始孔隙压力、变形速率下，进行了变形破坏过程中孔隙压力变化特征的实验研究，探讨了岩性、结构、围压、初即孔隙压力，变形速率等因素对井水位映震特征的影响。     

Permian Alkaline Granites in Central Inner Mongolia and Their Geodynamic Significance1

Abstract Alkaline granites (Rb-Sr ages 276-286 Ma) occurring in the Bayan U1-East Ujimqin belt at the southern margin of the Siberian plate originated in a tensional tectonic environment about 60 Ma earlier than the Late Devonian to Early Carboniferous collision between the Siberian and Sino-Korean plates. They belong to post-orogenic A - type granites and may be used as an indicator of the end of the orogeny. At the northern margin of the Sino-Korean plate, however, only late-orogenic calc-alkaline granites occurred during the late Caboniferous-Permian, and alkaline syenites did not appear until the Late Triassic. The asymmetric magmatism at the margins of the two neighbouring plates might be controlled by the differences in size and mass of the two plates.     

Permian Alkaline Granites in Central Inner Mongolia and Their Geodynamic Significance

Alkaline granites (Rb-Sr ages 276-286 Ma)occurring in the Bayan Ul-East Ujimqin belt at the southern margin of the Siberian plate originated in a tensional tectonic environment about 60 Ma earlier than the Late Devonian to Early Carboniferous collision between the Siberian and Sino-Korean plates. They belong to post-orogenic A-type granites and may be used as an indicator of the end of the orogeny. At the northern margin of the Sino-Korean plate, however, only late-orogenic calc-alkaline granites occurred during the late Caboniferous-Permian, and alkaline syenites did not appear until the Late Triassic. The asymmetric magmatism at the margins of the two neighbouring plates might be controlled by the differences in size and mass of the two plates.     

软土路堤填料二次加灰处理技术探讨

目前在江苏高速公路建设中对软土改性处理多采用二次加灰技术,这一处理技术不仅有效解决了软土水分高、土块粉碎困难、掺灰不均、施工速度慢、易造成石灰失效等技术问题,而且可以提高灰土的强度,工程实践表明,其CBR强度可以提高6%~8%。本文就软土改性二次加灰技术的机理作深入探讨,研究表明,第一次加灰,石灰消解既可以吸收土中水分,所产生的热量又可以加快水分蒸发,同时Ca离子随水进入黏土矿物颗粒表面进行离子交换;第二次加灰,通过压实使石灰与软土进一步发生离子交换和火山灰反应,形成新的结晶体和结构,提高灰土的强度和稳定性。     

电网短路电流限制措施的研究与应用

针对短路电流超标的问题,研究分析了包括改变系统运行方式、改善电网结构、采用高阻抗变压器、故障电流限制器等在内的多种短路电流限制措施在电网中的应用情况,并依据短路电流限制措施的仿真,对比提出适应电网实际情况的短路电流限制措施.     

Investigation of the acoustic emission characteristics of artificial saw-tooth joints under shearing condition

Shear failure of rockmass along a weak plane occurs frequently in rock slopes and in underground tunnels. To study the shear behaviour and acoustic emission (AE) characteristics of joints under different experimental conditions (asperity height, shear rate, and normal load), irregular artificial saw-tooth joints with different asperity heights were sheared in the laboratory, and the AE signals were detected and analysed. The results demonstrated that the strength of the joints increased with increases in normal load and asperity height, while the strength of the joints first increased and then decreased when the shear rate was elevated. The ideal curve of the cumulative hits could be divided into a quiet period, a slow rise period, and a sharp growth period, which could be used to monitor and predict the potential shear failure of the joints. The higher the asperity was, the higher the peak energy rate and the lower the peak hit rate, and cumulative hits at failure were because of differences in asperity size and number. The peak hit rate and cumulative energy tended to increase gradually with the decrease in shear rate, and the minimum peak hit rate and energy rate at failure were both attained at the maximum shear rate. In addition, curves of the energy rate and hit rate showed large fluctuations at higher shear rates. The peak energy rate and cumulative energy under low normal stress could be greater than the peak energy rate and cumulative energy under high normal stress, and the peak hit rate and cumulative hit number under high normal stress could be larger than that of under low normal stress.     

Laboratory Investigations of the Hydro-Mechanical–Chemical Coupling Behaviour of Sandstone in CO2 Storage in Aquifers

This paper is devoted to experimental investigations of the hydro-mechanical–chemical coupling behaviour of sandstone in the context of CO₂ storage in aquifers. We focused on the evolution of creep strain, the transport properties and the elastic modulus of sandstone under the effect of CO₂–brine or CO₂ alone. A summary of previous laboratory results is first presented, including mechanical, poromechanical and hydro-mechanical–chemical coupling properties. Tests were then performed to investigate the evolution of the creep strain and permeability during the injection of CO₂–brine or CO₂ alone. After the injection of CO₂–brine or CO₂ alone, an instantaneous volumetric dilatancy was observed due to the decrease in the effective confining stress. However, CO₂ alone had a significant influence on the creep strain and permeability compared to the small influence of CO₂–brine. This phenomenon can be attributed to the acceleration of the CO₂–brine–rock reaction by the generation of carbonic acid induced by the dissolution of CO₂ into the brine. The original indentation tests on samples after the CO₂–brine–rock reaction were also performed and indicated that the elastic modulus decreased with an increasing reaction time. The present laboratory results can advance our knowledge of the hydro-mechanical–chemical coupling behaviour of sandstone in CO₂ storage in aquifers.     

海-气二氧化碳交换速度影响因子的定量估计

影响海-气二氧化碳（CO₂）交换速度的多种因子已经讨论了很多年,但对各种因子的贡献却很少进行定量估计。为了更好地了解海-气交换的机制,我们讨论了不同因子对海-气交换速度的影响,并对描述海-气交换现象的各种参数化模型进行了分类和比较。然后,基于GAS EX-98和ASGAMAGE数据,我们评估了风速模型,并使用分段平均法定量地讨论了一些因子的影响,包括泡沫,波浪,风等,并考虑了它们之间的相互作用。我们发现,海-气CO₂交换速度不仅仅是风速的函数,也会受到泡沫,波浪参数和其他因素的影响。我们使用了逐步回归法和线性回归法。当考虑风速,泡沫媒介和显著波高时,均方根误差由34.53 cm·h^-1减少到16.96 cm·h^-1。定量地讨论各种因子,对于将来评估大空间尺度和长时间序列的海-气CO₂通量和全球变化是有用的。     

Analysis of chemical characteristics of PM<Subscript>2.5</Subscript> in Beijing over a 1-year period

Beijing is one of the largest and most densely populated cities in China. PM_2.5 (fine particulates with aerodynamic diameters less than 2.5 μm) pollution has been a serious problem in Beijing in recent years. To study the temporal and spatial variations in the chemical components of PM_2.5 and to discuss the formation mechanisms of secondary particles, SO₂, NO₂, PM_2.5, and chemical components of PM_2.5 were measured at four sites in Beijing, Dingling (DL), Chegongzhuang (CG), Fangshan (FS), and Yufa (YF), over four seasons from 2012 to 2013. Fifteen chemical components, including organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), K⁺, NH₄ ⁺, NO₃ ^?, SO₄ ^2?, Cl^?, Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, Na, Pb, Si, and Zn, were selected for analysis. Overall, OC, SO₄ ^2?, NO₃ ^?, and NH₄ ⁺ were dominant among 15 components, the annual average concentrations of which were 22.62 ± 21.86, 19.39 ± 21.06, 18.89 ± 19.82, and 13.20 ± 12.80 μg·m^?3, respectively. Compared with previous studies, the concentrations of NH₄ ⁺ were significantly higher in this study. In winter, the average concentrations of OC and EC were, respectively, 3 and 2.5 times higher than in summer, a result of coal combustion during winter. The average OC/EC ratios over the four sites were 4.9, 7.0, 8.1, and 8.4 in spring, summer, autumn, and winter, respectively. The annual average [NO₃ ^?]/[SO₄ ^2?] ratios in DL, CG, FS, and YF were 1.01, 1.25, 1.08, and 1.12, respectively, which were significantly higher than previous studies in Beijing, indicating that the contribution ratio of mobile source increased in recent years in Beijing. Analysis of correlations between temperature and relative humidity and between SOR ([SO₄ ^2?]/([SO₄ ^2?] + [SO₂])) and NOR ([NO₃ ^?]/([NO₃ ^?] + [NO₂])) indicated that gas-phase oxidation reactions were the major formation mechanism of SO₄ ^2? in spring and summer in urban Beijing, whereas slow gas-phase oxidation reactions and heterogeneous reactions both occurred in autumn and winter. NO₃ ^? was mainly formed through year-round heterogeneous reactions in urban Beijing.     

内蒙古夏季降水变率的优势模态及其环流特征

本文基于1961～2013年的中国气象局降水资料以及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,针对内蒙古地区夏季降水,利用经验正交函数分解法（EOF）和合成分析法,考察了年际尺度上内蒙古地区夏季降水分布的不同类型,并分析其前两个模态的典型环流形势以及相关的春夏季节转换特征。内蒙古夏季降水在年际尺度上主要分为整体一致型和东西反向型。整体一致型模态以贝加尔湖北侧和南侧对流层中上层环流的反位相变化、源于伊朗北部-中亚地区的中纬度遥相关型波列以及东亚地区“东高西低”或“西高东低”的环流形势为主要特征。而东西反向型模态以东欧平原-乌拉尔山东侧-内蒙古东部及东北地区为异常中心的波状环流以及东亚沿岸中高纬地区偶极子环流异常（“北高南低”或“北低南高”）为主要特征。这两种夏季降水模态的正负位相分别对应着亚洲中高纬环流春夏季节转换提前和滞后的情形。这些结论有助于进一步认识内蒙古地区夏季降水异常及其典型环流特征,从而为其预测提供参考依据。