Intelligent identification of remnant ridge edges in region west of Yongxing Island,South China Sea

Edge detection enables identification of geomorphologic unit boundaries and thus assists with geomorphical mapping. In this paper, an intelligent edge identification method is proposed and image processing techniques are applied to multi-beam bathymetry data. To accomplish this, a color image is generated by the bathymetry, and a weighted method is used to convert the color image to a gray image. As the quality of the image has a significant influence on edge detection, different filter methods are applied to the gray image for de-noising. The peak signal-to-noise ratio and mean square error are calculated to evaluate which filter method is most appropriate for depth image filtering and the edge is subsequently detected using an image binarization method. Traditional image binarization methods cannot manage the complicated uneven seafloor, and therefore a binarization method is proposed that is based on the difference between image pixel values; the appropriate threshold for image binarization is estimated according to the probability distribution of pixel value differences between two adjacent pixels in horizontal and vertical directions, respectively. Finally, an eight-neighborhood frame is adopted to thin the binary image, connect the intermittent edge, and implement contour extraction. Experimental results show that the method described here can recognize the main boundaries of geomorphologic units. In addition, the proposed automatic edge identification method avoids use of subjective judgment, and reduces time and labor costs.     

浙江省四季划分方法探讨

利用1971—2011年浙江省63个站逐日气温资料,结合物候观测资料,经过统计计算及对比分析,发现运用候温法来判断换季时间常造成换季偏晚;运用气象学法和气候学法则会造成换季偏早,也很容易造成换季偏晚;各种方法造成的换季异常在各地区呈现出不同的特征。而分析各种方法造成换季时间异常的主要原因,基本都是由于期间几天的气温波动导致换季条件不满足造成的,波动持续时间一般不长,以3～5天为主,波动幅度一般也不大。因此充分考虑各种方法的优缺点,并考虑尽量减少气温波动的影响,总结出一套能够解决这些方法存在的问题,并且相对合理、适用于浙江地区的四季划分方法,得到的结果大大减少了其他方法偏早或由弱冷空气造成的偏晚现象,全省平均四季换季时间分别为3月16日、5月29日、9月30日、12月8日,换季明显偏早或偏晚的频次较其他方法明显减少,在全省各地区均比较符合物候现象。     

广州地区深部断裂系统的重磁资料解释

对广州地区重磁资料系统处理后得到的图像进行解释和研究,认为广州地区深部存在近东西向、北西向、北东向三组断裂系统,其中近东西向断裂是深部主要断裂系统,深及30km以上;北东向广州-恩平断裂也是一组深大断裂,是该地区唯一的切割深度可达30 km以上的北东向断裂;NW向断裂相对较浅,切割深度在10 km左右,不超过20 km。     

Evaluation of reanalysis surface wind products with quality-assured buoy wind measurements along the north coast of the South China Sea

Three archived reanalysis wind vectors at 10 m height in the wind speed range of 2–15 m/s, namely, the second version of the National Centres for Environmental Prediction(NCEP) Climate Forecast System Reanalysis(CFSv2), European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting Interim Reanalysis(ERA-I) and NCEPDepartment of Energy(DOE) Reanalysis 2(NCEP-2) products, are evaluated by a comparison with the winds measured by moored buoys in coastal regions of the South China Sea(SCS). The buoy data are first quality controlled by extensive techniques that help eliminate degraded measurements. The evaluation results reveal that the CFSv2 wind vectors are most consistent with the buoy winds(with average biases of 0.01 m/s and 1.76°). The ERA-I winds significantly underestimate the buoy wind speed(with an average bias of –1.57 m/s), while the statistical errors in the NCEP-2 wind direction have the largest magnitude. The diagnosis of the reanalysis wind errors shows the residuals of all three reanalysis wind speeds(reanalysis-buoy) decrease with increasing buoy wind speed, suggesting a narrower wind speed range than that of the observations. Moreover, wind direction errors are examined to depend on the magnitude of the wind speed and the wind speed biases. In general, the evaluation of three reanalysis wind products demonstrates that CFSv2 wind vectors are the closest to the winds along the north coast of the SCS and are sufficiently accurate to be used in numerical models.     

TEM and HRTEM Study of Microstructures in Omphacite from UHP Eclogites at Shima, Dabie Mountains, China

Transmission electron microscope (TEM) and high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) analyses have been performed on omphacite from ultra-high pressure (UHP) eclogites at the locality of Shima, Dabie Mountains, China. TEM reveals that the microstructures consist dominantly of dislocation substructures, including free dislocations, loops, tiltwalls, dislocation tangles and subboundaries. They were produced by high-temperature ductile deformation, of which the main mechanism was dislocation creep. Antiphase domain (APD) boundaries are common planar defects; an age of 470±6 Ma for UHP eclogite formation has been obtained from the equiaxial size of APDs in ordered omphacites from Shima, coincident with ages given by single-zircon U-Pb dating (471±2 Ma). HRTEM reveals C2/c and P2ln space groups in different parts of one single omphacite crystal, and no exsolution is observed in the studied samples, which is attributed to rapid cooling. It is suggested that the UHP eclogites underwent a long     

Important crustal growth in the Phanerozoic: Isotopic evidence of granitoids from east-central Asia

The growth of the continental crust is generally believed to have been essentially completed in the Precambrian, and the amount of juvenile crust produced in the Phanerozoic is considered insignificant. Such idea of negligible growth in the Phanerozoic is now challenged by the revelation of very large volume of juvenile crust produced in the period of 500 to 100 Ma in several orogenic belts. While appreciable volumes of juvenile terranes in North America (Canadian Cordillera, Sierra Nevada and Peninsular Range, Appalachians) have been documented based on Nd isotopic data, the mass of new crust formed in the East-Central Asian Orogenic Belt (ECAOB), eastern part of the Altaid Tectonic Collage, appears to be much greater than the above terranes combined. New and published Nd-Sr isotope data indicate that the Phanerozoic granitoids from the southern belt of the ECAOB (Xinjiang-West Mongolia-Inner Mongolia-NE China) as well as from Mongolia and Transbaikalia were generated from sources dominated by a depleted mantle component. These granitoids represent a significant growth of juvenile crust in the Phanerozoic. Although most plutons in this huge orogenic belt belong to the calc-alkaline series, the ECAOB is also characterized by the emplacement of voluminous A-type granites. The origin of these rocks is probably multiple and is still widely debated. However, the isotopic data (Sr-Nd-O) and trace element abundance patterns of A-type granites from the ECAOB clearly indicate their mantle origin. The evolution of the ECAOB and the entire Altaid Collage is most likely related to successive accretion of arc complexes. However, the emplacement of a large volume of post-tectonic A-type granites requires another mechanism—probably through a series of processes including underplating of massive basaltic magma, partial melting of these basic rocks to produce granitic liquids, followed by extensive fractional crystallization. The proportion of juvenile to recycled, as well as that of arc-related to plume-generated, continental crust remains to be evaluated by more systematic dating and isotope tracer studies.     

三维对流云催化模式及其外场试用

该文介绍了中国气象科学研究院人工影响天气研究中心的三维对流流化模式的动力学和身长物理学方程组和计算方案，着重阐述了模式的新特点。学介绍了模式在湖北十堰外场试验中实际应用的情况     

星载双频云雷达的云微物理参数反演算法研究

使用星载雷达模拟器输出的模拟数据,为星载双频云雷达选择了最佳的频点组合,并开展了双频联合反演云微物理参数的算法研究。结果表明:（1）在位于大气窗口的6组频点组合中,94/220 GHz的组合对滴谱参数的微小变化较为敏感,有利于进行双频的联合反演。综合考虑不同频点的探测能力、衰减以及工业部门的制造水平后,认为94/220 GHz可以作为未来星载双频测云雷达的探测频点。（2）双频反演中最核心的双波长比（DWR）和体积中值直径（D₀）的关系与冰晶粒子密度相关。当密度随着粒子直径变化时,DWR随着D₀单调递增,当粒子密度固定不变时,DWR-D₀曲线可能会出现非单调变化,从而使得固定密度时的反演比变密度时更加复杂。（3）后向迭代的双频反演算法同样适用于94/220 GHz进行云微物理参数的反演,并且对模拟数据的反演精度较高。此外,反演精度受到系统噪声以及定标精度的影响,为了满足反演精度的要求,系统噪声和定标误差应该控制在1 dBz以内。      

基于MTSAT卫星遥感监测的浙江省及周边海区大雾分布特征

利用日本静止气象卫星MTSAT逐时资料,综合地面气象观测数据,对浙江省及其周边海区陆地和海上2008—2012年的大雾进行了专题信息提取,并给出了浙江省陆域、周边海域0.05°×0.05°网格点的小时尺度的遥感大雾产品,结果表明:(1)基于MTSAT卫星观测数据,采用分级判识太阳高度角阈值和归一化大雾指数的方法,构建的浙江及其周边地区陆地和海上遥感大雾监测模型,大雾判识精度总体超过75%,基本满足使用需求。(2)浙江省陆域近5年大雾年平均累计为411.7 h,约占全年的4.7%,基本呈南多北少,山区多平原少的格局,其中浙江南部高山区、舟山和温州部分海岛及西部山区为大雾多发区,且大雾季节分布为冬秋季较多,春夏季较少,22时至09时是浙江省陆域大雾的高发时段,10时以后大雾逐渐消散,至后半夜、凌晨前后,大雾频次逐渐增多。(3)研究区海雾主要发生在大陆近海,呈现由近海向外海减少的空间格局,东海海域年大雾累计为311.7 h,以东海西南部地区大雾出现最多,浙江省沿海大雾的高发区位于温州海域及钱塘江口。研究区海域大雾具有明显的季节特征,主要表现为春季较多,夏季次之,秋冬季较少的分布格局,且海上主要受平流雾影响,大雾不易消散,持续时间较长。从各海区大雾发生频次从高到低依次为:东海东南部、台湾以东洋面、东海中东部、黄海西南部、东海中西部、台湾海峡、东海西北部、黄海东南部、东海西南部和东海东北部。     

2015年金口河MS5.0级地震前地应力状态及动力学背景分析

2015年金口河发生了MS5.0级地震,为揭示地震与地应力的内在关系和动力学背景,对距震中约12km的2个钻孔的水压致裂地应力测量资料进行了分析研究,利用拜尔利准则和应力莫尔圆分析了峨边- 金阳断裂带北部断层的稳定性,并结合地震活动性参数b值探讨了金口河地震发生的动力学背景。研究结果表明：在钻孔94. 90~722. 10 m的深度内,最大水平主应力为5. 89~14. 50 MPa,最小水平主应力在3. 79~10. 30 MPa,应力水平较低;最大水平主应力方向在N50°W~N68°W,趋于北西至北西西向,与区域构造应力场一致; YJP- 1孔三向主应力的相对大小表现为有利于逆断层和走滑断层的活动,DPS- 1孔三向主应力的相对大小表现为有利于正断层的活动;DPS- 1孔有效应力条件下的μm（最大剪应力与平均应力之比）平均值为0. 46,已接近断层摩擦滑动临界值下限0. 51,有利于正断层的滑动;峨眉- 烟峰断层弯曲构造部位应力闭锁集中区,是导致钻孔附近水平构作用较弱的主要原因。研究结果对于揭示金口河MS5. 0级地震前的动力背景具有重要意义。