大尺度环境中中尺度对流系统生成的数值模拟试验

对1983年6月11日20时(北京时)实测资料进行低通滤波处理,取其大尺度部分作为初值,用七层原始方程模式对江淮气旋内中尺度对流系统的生成过程进行数值模拟试验.结果表明,从大尺度背景场出发,可以模拟出中尺度对流系统的生成.在西南低空急流十分潮湿的情况下,中尺度对流系统可以在江淮气旋暖区、低空急流大风速中心的前部、位势稳定度倾向维持负值的地区生成和发展.它的动力、热力结构,降水分布,以及发生、发展过程等,都与暖季(3—9月)在美国中部频繁出现的中尺度对流复合体(MCC)十分相似.     

Cu_2S-PbS-Bi_2S_3和Ag_2S-PbS-Bi_2S_3体系相关系及相关矿物共生组合研究

本文用抽空石英管法对三元硫化物体系Ag_2S-PbS-Bi_2S_3和Cu_2S-PbS-Bi_2S_2的500℃相关系进行了研究。Cu_2S-PbS-Bi_2S_3体系的相图特征是Bi_2S_3-CuPbBiS_3。之间完全固溶关系,以及它与二元系Cu_2S-Bi_2S_3和PbS-Bi_2S_3各相之间双变关系。Ag_2S-PbS-Bi_2S_3体系相图被PbS-AgBi_S_2之间的完全固溶关系分成两部分:富铋与富银。富银部分仅有辉银矿与PbS-AgBiS_2固溶体之间简单双变关系,而富铋部分却包含丰富的银、铅铋硫盐。在抽空石英管法500℃下合成成功的有块硫铋银矿固溶体、铜银铅铋矿、硫铋铅矿固溶体、富硫铋铅矿和辉铅铋矿。 以上两个体系中矿物之间共生长关系及稳定范围也作了简短讨论。     

Phase relations in the systems Ag2S-Cu2S-PbS and Ag2S-Cu2S-Bi2S3 and their mineral assemblages

Phase relations in the ternary systems Ag₂S-Cu₂S-PbS and Ag₂S-Cu₂S-Bi₂S₃ were studied using the silica vacuum technique. In the system Ag₂S-Cu₂S-Bi₂S₃ the phase relations are dominated by join-lines from galena to f.c.c. (Ag_x Cu_2−xS) and b.c.c. (Cu_x Ag_2−xS) at 500°C. With decreasing temperature, galena can coexist with all the phases on the Ag₂S-Cu₂S join. There are six solid solutions, and one new phase, i.e., “C” whose composition is Ag_1.1 Cu_4.8Bi_5.8S₁₂ in the system Ag₂S-Cu₂S-Bi₂S₃ at 500°C. The pavonite (AgBi₃S₅) contains 14 mole% Cu₂S in solid solution, but only 3.0 mole% Ag₂S in CuBi₃S₅ solid solution. The Cu₃Bi₅S₉ ss and wittichenite (Cu₃BiS₃) ss can form join-lines with pavonite as and have the maximum contents of 9.0 and 18 mole% Ag₂S. The most striking feature is the presence of bejaminite as a stable phase with a chemical formula of Ag₂Bi₄S₇ on the Ag₂S-Bi₂S₃ join. AgBiS₂ of the PbS type occupies a fairly large field with a maximum of 23 mole% Cu₂S.     

气象场的几种中尺度分离算子及其比较

本文根据选择滤波原理,设计了几种高通滤波器。连同求滑动距平的方法一起,通过理论分析和个例计算,比较了它们的中尺度分离功能。结果表明,我们设计的选择滤波算子(2.5)式的中尺度分离功能最佳。     

全球地缘政治格局演变的动力机制——基于变量与变量关系的解析

纵观全球地缘政治格局演变的历史进程,格局的转换总是伴随着大国的兴衰交替、力量的分化与组合和权利的失衡与平衡,规律性的现象是不变的动力机制所致,这种机制对当今全球地缘政治格局的发展与演化依然有着重要作用和深远影响。采用一种机制的视角,以机制及机制间的变量关系解析为主要途径,来研究全球地缘政治格局演变的动力机制。将全球地缘政治格局演变的动力机制划分为一个核心机制、两个子机制和两个辅助机制。其中,力量结构的变化是全球地缘政治格局演变的重要标志,将其确定为演变的核心机制。大国兴衰和大国地缘战略关系的质变是引起力量结构变化的根本原因,将二者确定为核心机制的子机制。资源地缘政治和地缘文化是全球地缘政治格局演变的重要影响,将其作为辅助机制进行研究。在全球地缘政治格局演变的分机制研究的基础上,通过建立分机制间的耦合关系,得到全球地缘政治格局演变的动力机制。     

升降轨PSInSAR观测反演沉降与水平向位移试验

In SAR观测的解算值为雷达视线向形变量,在具备多个方向独立观测的条件下可利用最小二乘方法反演垂直、东西甚至南北方向的形变量。由于难以同时获取上下、东西和南北3个方向上的独立观测值,因而可利用升降轨模式实现对垂向和东西方向移动量的估计。以PSIn SAR监测所获取的形变速率为观测值,利用二维简化模型求解地面沉降量和东西方向移动量。结果表明,研究区形变以沉降为主,水平方向移动微小,证明了升降轨PSIn SAR在地面沉降中的适用性和可靠性。     

Linkage between permafrost distribution and river runoff changes across the Arctic and the Tibetan Plateau

River runoff in the Arctic and the Tibetan Plateau(TP) change significantly in recent decades. However, the mechanisms of the physical processes of permafrost river runoff change remain uncertain across large scale. This study investigated the mainstreams and tributaries of main Arctic and TP rivers dominated by permafrost and assessed the linkage between hydrological regime change and permafrost. The results show that the effects of permafrost on river runoff are highly dependent on the permafrost coverage of a watershed. For the past decades, the majority of the Arctic and TP basins showed increased discharge, while all of the studied basins showed increased baseflow, with faster increasing speed than total discharge.Both total discharge and baseflow annual change rate(ΔQ and ΔBF) increased with permafrost coverage, indicating the increments of streamflow are enhanced with high permafrost coverage. Meanwhile, the annual change of precipitation showed weak connection with total discharge and baseflow change. The high permafrost coverage basins showed high annual maximum/minimum discharge ratio(Qmax/Qmin), while the Qmax/Qminchanged slightly in low permafrost cover basins. Our results highlight the importance of permafrost coverage on streamflow regime change for permafrost basins across the northern hemisphere. Due to these linkage between permafrost extent and runoff regime change and the increasing changes of permafrost, more attention should be paid to the change of hydrological processes in permafrost-underlain basins.     

三峡库区的入侵鱼类及库区蓄水对外来鱼类入侵的影响初探

三峡水库已于2010年10月完成175 m的蓄水目标,蓄水后三峡库区形成一个生态位严重空缺的人造湖泊生态系统.近年来,库区及长江上游外来入侵鱼类呈增长态势,已发现外来入侵鱼类23种,且部分已处于种群数量暴发阶段.水库蓄水初期营养盐输入增加和初级生产力的提高通常也利于广适性鱼类和外来种的生存,对外来鱼类的入侵和种群数量的扩散暴发产生一定的促进作用.外来鱼类在生态位竞争上与土著鱼类相比处于明显优势地位,可能将严重危害三峡库区的渔业资源及其水域生态系统的安全.因此,对于三峡库区的鱼类入侵及其所带来的相关效应等问题,应引起密切关注和重视,尽早建立三峡库区入侵鱼类的预警和防治体系,严格评估人为引种活动,深入研究外来鱼类得以成功入侵的原因与机理.     

Transtensional tectonism and its effects on the distribution of sandbodies in the Paleogene Baiyun Sag, Pearl River Mouth Basin, China

The Baiyun Sag, situated at the north continental slope of the South China Sea, is a main sub-unit in the Southern Depression Belt of the Pearl River Mouth Basin. In this Sag, the middle Eocene Wenchang and upper Eocene–lower Oligocene Enping Formations had developed in the evolution stage of continental faulted basin. Seismic stratigraphic sequences and fault structures revealed that the Baiyun Sag was short of long-reaching boundary faults, and that it was a rifted basin greatly influenced by basement faults rather than a typical half-graben. Different from the sags in Northern Depression Belt of the Pearl River Mouth Basin which controlled by large-scale NEE-strike faults, the Baiyun Sag had been controlled by two groups of NWW-strike en echelon fault belts with approximate opposite dips, which developed in the southwest and northeast of this Sag respectively and had played the roles of boundary faults. These en echelon faults, together with narrow synclines, partial flower structures and fluid diapirs, indicated the left-lateral transtensional activities, which had resulted in subsidence center departing to main faults and stretching S-shaped. Moreover, the en echelon faults had constructed many composite transfer zones of relay ramps, and controlled the distribution of sandbodies. The en echelon fault belts are located in accordance with Nw-striking Mesozoic basement faults. Hence the left-lateral transtensional activities were responsible for the Western Pacific Plate subducting and strike slip reactivation of the basement faults. Significantly, NW-striking basement faults had forcefully determined the development of not only the Baiyun Sag but also the Xingning Sag.     

基于自组织临界现象的中期地震预报算法研究

在自组织临界现象，几何相变等物理理论的基础上，开发研究了基于自组织临界现象的中期地震预报算法，提出并定义了自组织临界行为的结构强度，简称ＧＳＩ值，ＣＳＩ值是反映地震活动的一个综合指标，其变化较好地反映了地震活动演化进程，ＣＳＩ值是反映地震活动的一个综合指标，其变化较好地反映了地震活动演化进程。对多个震例的研究表明，大地震发生前结构强度ＣＳＩ值存在一个增大的过程，这和理论结果基本一致，利用演化图和时