An Observational Analysis of a Derecho in South China

Derechos occur frequently in Europe and the United States, but reports of derechos in China are scarce. In this paper, radar, satellite, and surface observation data are used to analyze a derecho event in South China on 17 April 2011. A derecho-producing mesoscale convective system formed in an environment with medium convective available energy, strong vertical wind shear, and a dry layer in the middle troposphere, and progressed southward in tandem with a front and a surface wind convergence line. The windstorm can be divided into two stages according to differences in the characteristics of the radar echo and the causes of the gale. One stage was a supercell stage, in which the sinking rear inflow of a high-precipitation supercell with a bow-shaped radar echo induced a Fujita F0 class gale. The other stage was a non-supercell stage (the echo was sequentially kidney-shaped, foot-shaped, and an ordinary single cell), in which downbursts induced a gale in Fujita F1 class. This derecho event had many similarities with derechos observed in western countries. For example, the windstorm was perpendicular to the mean flow, the gale was located in the bulging portion of the bow echo, and the derecho moved southward along with the surface front. Some differences were observed as well. The synoptic-scale forcing was weak in the absence of an advancing high-amplitude midlevel trough and an accompanying strong surface cyclone; however, the vertical wind shear was very strong, a characteristic typical of derechos associated with strong synoptic-scale forcing. Extremely high values of convective available potential energy and downdraft convective available potential energy have previously been considered necessary to the formation of weak-forcing archetype and hybrid derechos; however, these values were much less than 2000 J during this derecho event.     

Changes in soil organic carbon stocks as affected by cropping systems and cropping duration in China’s paddy fields: a meta-analysis

Great uncertainties remain in the impact of cropping systems on soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks in paddy fields that hold a large potential for carbon (C) sequestration. In this study, a meta-analysis was performed to examine trends on SOC stocks in unfertilized and fertilized fields from three of the most common rice cropping systems in China. Results showed that rice cropping without any nutrient application (Control) significantly increased SOC stocks by 9% compared to the initial level in double rice cropping systems (DR), whereas no significant effects were observed in single rice cropping systems (SR) and rice-upland crop rotation systems (RU). Paddy soils sequestered C in all the three cropping systems under inorganic NPK fertilization, and the magnitude of the increase in SOC stocks was in the order DR > RU > SR. Soil C stocks increased with the increasing cropping duration. Continuous rice cropping for more than 20?years led to average SOC gains of 15% and 23% in the control and NPK treatments, respectively. Furthermore, it seems that C sequestration was still occurring in the longest fields from the included studies. Thus, no SOC saturation trend was found over the investigated cropping duration. However, the negative relationship between SOC changes and their initial C stocks suggests indirectly the possibility of SOC saturation in paddy fields.     

内蒙古自治区主要城市空气质量状况分析

文章利用呼和浩特市、包头市、乌海市、赤峰市、东胜区2007年1月1日到2011年12月31日5a空气主要污染物SO2、NO2、PM10浓度资料,统计分析了各城区主要污染物的分布特征,得到:⑴总体来看,乌海市空气质量较差,其次是包头市,东胜区最好;⑵PM10浓度值变化幅度最大,日最大值均出现在3—5月的沙尘日中,SO2最大值都出现在冬季采暖期;⑶各地均是12月出现污染日数最多,其次是1月;⑷从2007年开始,空气质量状况逐年好转。     

拉萨紫外辐射特征分析及估算公式的建立

本文利用2005~2010年的辐射观测资料对拉萨地区紫外辐射的时间变化特征及紫外辐射与总辐射比值的变化特征进行了分析,结果表明,紫外辐射与太阳总辐射的变化规律基本一致,日变化表现为正午大、早晚小;季变化特征是夏季6月最大,冬季1月最小.紫外辐射日累积值6年平均为0.87 MJ·m-2·d-1;紫外辐射有逐年递减的趋势.紫外辐射与总辐射比值也存在着明显日变化,表现为正午大、早晚小的规律;其季节变化也是夏季最大,冬季最小.紫外辐射与总辐射比值6年平均为0.0418;紫外辐射与总辐射比值也呈现逐年递减的趋势.利用2010年大气质量数和晴空指数,建立了适合于拉萨紫外辐射估量的公式,估算值的瞬时值与观测值的平均相对误差最大为8.66%,紫外辐射日累积重构值与观测值平均相对误差仅为5.5%.     

西藏地区雷暴与大气热源关系研究

利用1979～2008年NCEP/NCAR全球再分析月平均资料和雷暴记录资料, 运用相关分析和合成分析等方法分别对西藏地区大气热源和雷暴日数的关系以及热源强弱不同时期雷暴日数变化特征进行了分析。结果表明, 大气热源与雷暴日数存在着明显的正相关关系, 月相关系数高达0.86。在雷暴高发区的那曲东部、拉萨、日喀则中部、山南地区东北部和林芝地区西北部, 相关系数均超过了0.4。进一步分析表明, 当大气热源强值年时, 整个日喀则地区、拉萨地区、山南地区、那曲中西部和东部地区以及昌都地区中西部, 雷暴日数是偏多的。当大气热源偏弱时, 雷暴日数在日喀则中部地区减少最为明显, 其次在日喀则南木林县东北部和林芝西北部地区。     

天津武清地区云凝结核变化特征

利用2009年11—12月在天津武清气象局测量的云凝结核(CCN:Cloud Condensation Nuclei)浓度资料以及气溶胶数谱分布的观测资料,分析了武清地区在不同过饱和度(0.1%～1.0%)下云凝结核浓度及活化率的变化特征。结果表明:武清地区冬季CCN数浓度变化范围很大,过饱和度1%时,浓度变化范围为4000～32000cm-3,且浓度受风速影响明显,风速2级以下CCN数浓度很高,过饱和度1%时,其平均浓度可达16000cm-3,但对于4级风速以上CCN平均浓度为4000cm-3左右;在过饱和度0.1%～0.4%间CCN浓度变化较大,过饱和度每增加0.1%,CCN浓度增加值平均约为过饱和度0.4%～1.0%间浓度增量的5倍。低过饱和度(0.1%、0.2%)下,活化率受风速影响明显,1级风速下的CCN活化率约为4级风速下的3倍,但在过饱和度1%时活化率则相差不大。CCN浓度的日变化呈双峰型,峰值时刻为北京时间08:00和18:00左右,活化率的日变化则呈双谷型,这主要是受局地排放影响的结果。利用指数函数拟合各风速下CCN浓度过饱和度谱,表明该地谱型为典型的大陆型。     

南海夏季风爆发期间的波包传播特征

利用2004年和1998年强弱南海夏季风年的逐日位势高度场资料,从能量传播的角度诊断分析了南海夏季风爆发期间的波包传播特征及其与季风爆发的联系.结果表明(1)孟加拉湾是南海季风爆发的关键区域.(2)南海季风爆发前,南海地区的波包值有明显的突变,可能体现了季风爆发的爆发性特征.(3)1998弱夏季风年波包值相对较小,传播较慢;2004强夏季风年波包值相对较大,传播迅速.(4)南海夏季风爆发前,对流层整层的波包值都随时间增加,爆发前一天低层和高层的波包值有相同的变化,夏季风爆发之后,低层波包值与高层的波包值有反相的变化.     

鹤壁市夏季一次雹暴过程的成因分析

运用天气图、物理量场、卫星云图、雷达回波及相关气象资料,分析了2005年6月19日发生在鹤壁的雷雨大风、并伴有局地冰雹的强对流天气过程.结果表明:在低层θse高能舌区内,地面冷锋移到 500 hPa高空急流出口区下方左侧时,高低空次级环流耦合,触发不稳定能量释放、产生强烈的上升运动,是这次强对流天气产生的直接原因.     

青岛城区一次冰雹过程分析

利用常规探测和区域自动站、雷达等资料,分析了2007年5月28日发生在青岛市的冰雹天气过程,结果表明:这次冰雹天气是在高中低3层都有冷涡系统且呈前倾槽结构的天气背景下发生的;925 hPa的西南急流和中高层的不稳定都有利于冰雹云的形成;冰雹发生前,青岛城区上空低层大气逆温、逆湿,中层有干冷空气入侵,为冰雹云形成提供了有利的位势不稳定层结;造成5月28日青岛城区降雹的直接影响系统是超级单体雷暴,冰雹云的移动和冰雹落区与地面中γ尺度气旋相对应.     

基于FY-3A／MERSI的洪涝灾害遥感监测初探

介绍了FY-3A/MERSI数据的基本情况,利用MERSI数据1～5通道进行典型地物的光谱分析了典型地物在MERSI图像上的特点和水体识别模型,选择适用于MERSI图像的模型对2008年10月南宁市发生的洪涝灾害进行监测.