Rapid estimation of maximum and minimum void ratios of granular soils

Maximum and minimum void ratios (e_max and e_min) of granular soils are commonly used as indicators of many engineering properties. However, few methods, apart from laboratory tests, are available to provide a rapid estimation of both e_max and e_min. In this study, we present a theoretical model to map the densest and the loosest packing configurations of granular soils onto the void space. A corresponding numerical procedure that can predict both e_max and e_min of granular soils with arbitrary grain size distributions is proposed. The capacity of the proposed method is evaluated by predicting the maximum and minimum void ratios of medium to fine mixed graded sands with different contents of fines. The influence of the grain size distribution, characterized quantitatively by uniformity parameter and the fractal dimension, on e_max and e_min is discussed using the proposed method. Moreover, application of this method in understanding the controlling mechanism for the void ratio change during grain crushing is presented.

     

一次强冰雹过程的物理机制分析

从冰雹形成所需具备的三个条件入手,详细分析了2002年7月19日出现在郑州地区的强冰雹过程。结果表明：水汽条件、不稳定层结、外部抬升力等条件同时满足,易导致强对流性天气的产生;适宜的0℃层和-20℃层高度及大的环境风垂直切变有利于雹粒的增长;低空水平螺旋度和差动位温平流与此次强雹落区有较好的对应关系。     

NET平台下区域自动气象站数据质量控制研究与实现

河南省气象局一直致力于提高区域自动气象站数据的可用性.经过多年努力,目前已经开发建立起一套较为完善的质量控制系统.该系统软件在Microsoft.NET微软新一代平台的基础上,利用VB.NET开发语言,结合ADO.NET对象模型进行开发设计.数据质量控制采用极值控制法、时间一致性检查和空间一致性检查等方法,从而达到对区...     

国家地震速报备份系统的部署与运行

国家地震速报备份系统是由中国地震局出资,在广东省地震台网中心建设的一套全自动地震速报系统.本文介绍了国家地震速报备份系统的职责、系统架构、主要功能模块、系统工作原理、部署情况与台网规模,分析了系统2009-2010年运行两年来的工作情况,并对系统自动产出的地震定位结果进行初步的统计与比较,对系统运行的总体效果给予了初步...     

江西九瑞地区东雷湾矽卡岩型铜多金属矿床流体包裹体特征及稳定同位素地球化学研究

对位于江西九瑞地区的东雷湾矽卡岩型铜钼金多金属矿床主成矿阶段(石英金属硫化物阶段)石英中的流体包裹体进行了岩相学和显微测温研究。结果表明,与成矿有关的包裹体类型主要有4类,成矿流体的均一温度和盐度主要集中于210~350℃和1%~9%,总体属于高中温、中低盐度流体体系。包裹体的气相成分以H2O和CO2为主,其次有N2、CO、O2,有少量CH4、C2H2;液相成分中,阳离子以Ca2+、K+、Na+为主,含少量Mg2+,阴离子以Cl-、SO2-4为主,含少量NO-3、NO-2,流体属于CO2-H2O-Na Cl-Ca Cl2(KCl)体系,计算所得离子浓度为3.1%~34.5%。氢、氧同位素特征显示,主成矿阶段成矿流体δ18OH2O值为0.93‰~5.20‰,δDV-SMOW值为-81‰~-64‰,表明成矿流体主要为岩浆水,有极少量大气降水混入。矿石硫化物的δ34SV-CDT‰值为-2.2‰~3.4‰,结合铅、铼同位素特征表明,东雷湾矿床的成矿物质主要来源于上地幔,同时有一定量的壳源物质混入。东雷湾矿床为热液交代矽卡岩型矿床,区域褶皱和断裂为成矿岩浆提供运移通道,岩浆侵位发育矽卡岩型岩浆流体系统,并伴随有Cu(Mo、Au等)矿化,最终形成矿床。     

A 150-year isotopic record of lead deposition in Yancheng coastal wetland,China

Radioactive markers are useful in dating lead(Pb) deposition patterns from industrialization in sedimentary archives. As a well-known natural reserve in the world, Yancheng coastal wetland in Jiangsu Province is one of areas most sensitive to global sea level change and is located in the most developed and polluted region of China. Two cores were collected in Yancheng wetland in October 2013 and dated using ~(210)Pb and ~(137)Cs radiometric techniques. Sediments in both cores were sectioned into depth bands and examined systematically for dry bulk density, water content, magnetic susceptibility and grain-size. Multiple elements including Pb were also measured using inductively coupled plasma systems. Unsupported ~(210)Pb activities decreased with depth in both of the two cores, and ~(210)Pb chronologies were established(covering 150 years) using the constant rate of supply(CRS) model. The measured Pb contents ranged from 14.97 mg/kg to 29.40 mg/kg with average values of 17.17–22.79 mg/kg, and the Pb fluxes ranged from 41.70 mg/(m~2·yr) to 172.70 mg/(m~2·yr) with averages of 95.59–123.41 mg/(m~2·yr). Temporal variations of Pb flux, enrichment factors and Pb isotopes show a gradual and continuous increase over time and clearly reflect increased emissions from anthropogenic activities in the region. The Pb isotopic compositions show that most of Pb deposition in Yancheng wetland is input from natural sources by water flows and has the same levels of Pb as in the surface sediment of the Yangtze River and the Pacific mineral aerosol. We also stress the anthropogenic Pb contribution in Yangcheng wetland sediment and the reason of our Pb isotopes not showing anthropogenic signature is likely the instability of anthropogenic Pb in high Fe/Mn oxide conditions. Therefore, more attention should be paid to current local pollution problems, and society should take action to seek a balance between economic development and environmental protection.     

Effects of soil conservation practices on soil erosion and the size selectivity of eroded sediment on cultivated slopes

Soil conservation practices can greatly affect the soil erosion process, but limited information is available about its influence on the particle size distribution(PSD) of eroded sediment, especially under natural rainfall. In this study, the runoff, sediment yields, and effective/ultimate PSD were measured under two conventional tillage practices, downhill ridge tillage(DT) and plat tillage(PT) and three soil conservation practices, contour ridge tillage(CT), mulching with downhill ridge tillage(MDT), and mulching with contour ridge tillage(MCT) during 21 natural rainfall events in the lower Jinsha River. The results showed that(1) soil conservation practices had a significant effect on soil erosion. The conventional tillage of DT caused highest runoff depth(0.58 to 29.13 mm) and sediment yield(0.01 to 3.19 t hm-2). Compared with DT, the annual runoff depths and sediment yields of CT, MDT and MCT decreased by 12.24%-49.75% and 40.79%-88.30%, respectively.(2) Soil conservation practices can reduce the decomposition of aggregates in sediments. The ratios of effective and ultimate particle size(E/U) of siltand sand-sized particles of DT and PT plots were close to 1, indicating that they were transported as primary particles, however, values lower/greater than 1 subject to CT, MDT and MCT plots indicated they were transported as aggregates. The ratios of E/U of claysized particles were all less than 1 independently of tillage practices.(3) The sediments of soil conservation practices were more selective than those of conventional tillage practices. For CT, MDT and MCT plots, the average enrichment ratios(ERs) of clay, silt and sand were 1.99, 1.93 and 0.42, respectively, with enrichment of clay and silt and depletion of sand in sediments. However, the compositions of the eroded sediments of DT and PT plots were similar to that of the original soil. These findings support the use of both effective and ultimate particle size distributions for studying the size selectivity of eroded sediment, and provide a scientific basis for revealing the erosion mechanism in the purple soil area of China.     

联合钻孔资料及地形数据估算宝鸡地区vS30

将地形数据经过坡度计算,利用坡度与v_S30相关关系,计算宝鸡地区场地近似v_S30。为了得到接近实际的波速分布,借助宝鸡地区钻孔资料,研究选定区域内v_S30近似值与实测结果的差异,并对差异的空间变化趋势进行分析,在此基础上,对模型估算的v_S30进行修正,进而得到接近实际的v_S30分布,并给出基于NEHRP的宝鸡地区场地分类。     

陕西降水季节及季节内振荡的气候特征

利用谐波分析、功率谱分析的方法,对陕西82个站点1962~2006年逐日降水资料进行气候平均分析,研究气候平均态下陕西降水季节及季节内振荡的时空分布特征。结果表明,陕西大部分地区降水主要以季节变化(年循环)为主,降水准双周振荡在全省范围都比较显著,降水30~60 d季节内振荡的显著分布区域主要集中在关中和陕南,这种地域分布与副热带高压随东亚夏季风南北移动有很大关系;气候平均态下降水的准双周振荡幅度于4月中旬开始逐渐加强,7~9月振幅最强,10~11月开始逐渐减弱;降水准双周振荡显著时期主要在夏季,而30~60 d季节内振荡在全省全年都存在,夏季比冬季振幅大,陕南和关中地区最大振幅出现在7月初。     

New-type urbanization in China: Predicted trends and investment demand for 2015–2030

The future development of new-type urbanization has drawn great attention from both the government and public alike. In this context, the present study had three related research aims. Firstly, it sought to predict the urbanization and population dynamics in China at both national and provincial levels for the period of 2015 to 2030. Secondly, on this basis, it sought to examine the spatial variation of urbanization given the predicted national urbanization rate of 70.12%. Thirdly, it sought to estimate and evaluate the national and provincial demands of investment in the development of new-type urbanization. The main conclusions from this study were as follows: (1) The population size and urbanization rate will reach 1.445 billion and 70.12%, respectively, from 2015 to 2030. (2) The demographic dividend will vanish when the population pressure reaches its maximum. During this period, there will be 70.16 million urban population born. The suburban population that becomes urbanized will be 316.7 million, and thus the net increase in urban population will reach 386 million. (3) Although the urbanization rate of every Chinese province will increase during 2015–2030, it will do so unequally, while differences in urbanization quality among provinces will also be substantial. In some provinces, moreover, the urbanization quality is not compatible with their eco-social development. (4) A total of 4,105,380 billion yuan is required to fund new-type urbanization and the investment demand for each province varies greatly; for example, Guangdong province requires the most funding, amounting to approximately 148 times that required by Tibet, the province in least need of funding. In the final part of this study, policy suggestions concerning the investment of the new-type urbanization are put forward and discussed.