Multiple Volcanic Episodes of Flood Basalts Caused by Underplating

Most Large igneous provinces (LIPs) are emplaced within <10 Ma, with a main pulse of the magmatism in<1 Ma[1]. For example, the Siberian Traps [2] and the Deccan Traps [3] were probably erupted within one million years. Many events, such as the Columbia River event, feature a single pulse of magmatism, followed by a protrac-ted period of magmatism at a much lower rate that is linked to a plume tail[4].     

Suspended material in Narragansett Bay: fatty acid and hydrocarbon composition

Suspended material collected at various stations in Narragansett Bay was analyzed for fatty acids and hydrocarbons. The qualitative and quantitative distributions of these compounds indicated that the influence of sewage and other pollutants was greatest in the river areas. Based on concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids, the highest densities of phytoplankton were interpreted to occur at the mid and lower Bay stations, and the percentage of phytoplankton in suspended material was estimated from the concentration of heneicosahexaene. The concentrations of fatty acids and hydrocarbons in the suspended material decreased from the river stations to the mid and lower Bay stations, closely following a similar trend observed in the sediment. Possible sources of the suspended material and the influence of these sources on this material in various areas of the Bay are discussed, and attempts are made to interrelate the suspended material, resuspended sediment, phytoplankton, and sewage effluent with chemical and biochemical diagenetic changes.     

岩石临破裂前波速变化特征的实验研究

为了提高波速的测量精度以便能观测到岩石临破裂前波速的微小变化,采用了波形的数值化,波的叠加,波的互相关和DTE(Subsample delay time estimate)方法和cosine插值,使时间分辨率提高到0.001 μs,波速分辨率达到1 m/s.在较小的应力增量(0.17 MPa)下测量了波的延迟时间,进而得到速度随应力的变化规律.实验结果显示在0.98破裂强度时岩石波速最大,然后下降直到破裂,此期间的波速下降量约30m/s.同时对临破裂前波的主频能量进行了计算,其变化规律与波速相同,认为破裂前的有关变化与岩石膨胀有关.最后用涨落模型讨论了延迟时间的方差变化.     

大渡河长河坝水电站区域泥石流特征及危险性评价

2009年7月23日,四川省甘孜州康定县舍联乡长河坝水电站施工区响水沟发生特大泥石流灾害,造成重大人员伤亡和财产损失。响水沟是大渡河上游段右岸一级支沟,近百年来泥石流活动不明显。由于之前近一个月的连续降雨,沟谷内的不稳定堆积物已基本处于饱水状态,当日的强降雨直接诱发了此次泥石流灾害。本文根据现场调查资料,就该沟泥石流的形成条件、灾害成因及特征进行分析,并应用灰色系统理论关联分析方法和沟谷泥石流危险度计算分析综合评价其危险性。结果表明,在极端气象条件下,响水沟仍有可能发生中等至大规模暴雨型粘性泥石流。     

A methodology to estimate the maximum offset and reflection imaging radius for a 2D/3D vertical seismic profiling survey

We have developed a straightforward and ray based methodology to estimate both the maximum offset and reflection imaging radius for multi‐layered velocity models, which can be used for a 2D/3D VSP survey design. Through numerical examples, we demonstrate that the presence of a high‐velocity layer above a target zone significantly reduces the maximum offset and reflection imaging radius. Our numerical examples also show that including in a migration VSP data acquired beyond a recommended maximum offset, radically degrades the quality of the final VSP image. In addition, unlike the conventional straight‐line based approximation that often produces an incorrect large reflection imaging radius, our methodology predicts the VSP imaging radius with more accuracy than does the conventional approximation.     

琼东定安翰林地区晚寒武世地层的厘定及其地质意义

蒙花岭组是新建的岩石地层单位,指定蒙花岭剖面为正层型剖面。岩性为一套高绿片岩相的变质岩,由变质石英细砂岩、各类片岩、绢云千枚岩夹细粒石英岩及数层变质基性―酸性火山岩组成。在剖面的下部第8层及上部第24层含丰富的藻类化石,地质时代为寒武纪;在剖面中部第16层变质火山岩中采人工重砂样、锆石U-Pb测年结果为499±6Ma~527±48Ma,地质时代为寒武纪中晚期。故将蒙花岭组划寒武系黔东统(∈2)到芙蓉统(∈4)。     

Constructing citizenship in the shadow state

This article addresses the contributions of local community-based nonprofit organizations to the construction of citizenship through three different examples of state–organization interaction in Minneapolis–St. Paul to integrate migrants into American society. These examples stand for broader questions about how shadow state relationships affect the shape and scale of citizenship relations to which organizations contribute. The article focuses empirically on how organizations enact state rules and resources in providing services to migrants. The conclusions are directed toward theorizing the kinds of shadow state relationships that contribute to nationally inclusive visions of citizenship as well as alternative, subnational visions of citizenship.     

基于Biome-BGC模型的小兴安岭森林碳通量时空分析

全球气候变化是当前人类生存和发展所面临的严峻挑战,森林生态系统在减缓温室效应和维持全球碳平衡中发挥着重要作用.本文以黑龙江省小兴安岭地区森林为研究对象,将通量观测和生态过程模型相结合,采用Biome-BGC模型估算森林碳通量,使用M-K方法和EOF方法进行了时空分析,并发现了2000—2015年小兴安岭森林碳通量的时空特征规律.研究结果表明:在时间上,具有明显的年际变化特征,且呈波动下降的总趋势;在空间上,具有同向分布模式和反向分布模式的空间分布特征.本研究成果将为我国制定应对全球变化的战略决策,以及生态文明建设和环境保护提供科学参考依据.     

基于FBG技术的饱和膨胀土失水致裂过程试验研究

为了解饱和膨胀土在失水条件下,干缩裂隙发育过程中土体内的应变状态、分布以及变化规律,设计了一个长40cm、宽5cm、深3cm的一维模型槽,将3条FBG传感光栅串埋入饱和膨胀土试样中,对膨胀土不同位置的应变进行了测量,得到了土体失水干缩致裂过程中,各个FBG传感器的应变状态及其变化规律,并分析了首条干缩裂隙及其附近土体的应变分布特征及其时空演化规律。试验结果表明:随着土体含水率的降低,土体首先呈现出整体收缩,之后应变状态发生分异,呈现出拉张区和收缩区交替出现的分布规律; 位于最大收缩区的边缘,当FBG传感器的应变由压缩状态转变为拉伸状态,并且拉应变及其变化速率相对较大的区域将产生首条裂隙。可见,本文所采用的高空间分辨率FBG传感技术为分析膨胀土裂隙发育全过程、揭示膨胀土失水致裂机理,以及膨胀土裂隙性特征的研究提供了新的思路和技术手段。     

岩体生长过程的传热学制约及其岩浆熔融效应

研究岩体生长过程的传热学制约及其引起的岩浆熔融效应能为我们认知地壳演化提供新的思路和手段。本文从年代学和测量技术两个方面综述岩体(或者岩浆房)逐渐长大的证据,然后运用Heat-3D程序简单模拟了Mount Stuart和Tenpeak岩体逐渐长大过程的传热学制约,结合年代学证据证明Mount Stuart岩体是逐渐长大的,并且每期次岩浆之间有很长的时间间隔,而Tenpeak岩体的长大可能是岩浆连续不断侵入或者各期次岩浆的短时间间隔所致。岩体逐渐长大过程引起的岩浆熔融效应是很明显的,模拟实验表明,岩浆多期次侵入地壳时生成的酸性熔体量更接近于地质观察事实。