Land cover classification of remote sensing imagery based on interval-valued data fuzzy c-means algorithm

There is a certain degree of ambiguity associated with remote sensing as a means of performing earth observations.Using interval-valued data to describe clustering prototype features may be more suitable for handling the fuzzy nature of remote sensing data,which is caused by the uncertainty and heterogeneity in the surface spectral reflectance of ground objects.After constructing a multi-spectral interval-valued model of source data and defining a distance measure to achieve the maximum dissimilarity between intervals,an interval-valued fuzzy c-means(FCM)clustering algorithm that considers both the functional characteristics of fuzzy clustering algorithms and the interregional features of ground object spectral reflectance was applied in this study.Such a process can significantly improve the clustering effect;specifically,the process can reduce the synonym spectrum phenomenon and the misclassification caused by the overlap of spectral features between classes of clustering results.Clustering analysis experiments aimed at land cover classification using remote sensing imagery from the SPOT-5 satellite sensor for the Pearl River Delta region,China,and the TM sensor for Yushu,Qinghai,China,were conducted,as well as experiments involving the conventional FCM algorithm,the results of which were used for comparative analysis.Next,a supervised classification method was used to validate the clustering results.The final results indicate that the proposed interval-valued FCM clustering is more effective than the conventional FCM clustering method for land cover classification using multi-spectral remote sensing imagery.     

基于GIS和改进灰色关联模型的岩溶区土壤肥力评价——以重庆市丰都县岩溶区为例

文章在GIS技术支持下,以重庆市丰都县岩溶区为研究对象,根据该县的地形特征、土地利用现状及土壤类型等共采集316个土壤样品,在此基础上,通过主成分分析法、隶属度函数等方法改进的灰色关联模型,对丰都县土壤肥力进行综合评价,并利用地统计学方法揭示其空间变异特征。结果表明:土壤肥力综合指数处于0.352~0.881之间,均值为0.579;其空间变异具有一阶趋势,去除趋势后所剩残差表现出较弱的空间相关性;研究区总体土壤肥力质量中等偏上,其中Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ等级的土壤肥力分布面积分别占总区域面积的10.61%、31.09%、35.94%;土壤常规养分和微量元素养分的综合肥力贡献率分别为76.77%和23.23%。这表明将土壤微量元素养分同时纳入土壤肥力评价指标体系是合理可行的,利用改进的灰色关联模型能较好地定量化评价土壤综合肥力,地统计学方法能更好地揭示土壤肥力的空间变异。      

地震空区法在大地震危险性初判中的应用——以青藏高原东南缘为例

以ARCGIS系列软件和VS 2010、SQL Server 2008为平台, 通过融合集成活动构造、地震地质和国家基础地理信息, 在初步建立的青藏高原东南缘活动构造空间数据库系统基础上, 利用地震围空区方法, 针对研究区进行区域大地震危险性中长期预测分析。通过地震信息分时间、分震级的整理与数据输出, 分析汇总了11例M≥7.0大震震例的地震空区活动图像以及围空区发震震级与围空区特征与参数。在总结出的经验公式基础上, 进一步利用1950-2012年的M≥5.0地震数据, 对该区地震围空区的发生与发育状况进行了初步分析与研究, 并对未来可能发生大震的发震位置及震级进行了综合分析。研究结果表明, 玉树-鲜水河-小江断裂带所围限的青藏高原东南缘地区存在6个比较突出的与区域重要的晚第四纪活动构造带或断裂带相对应的大地震围空区, 分别是错那-沃卡裂谷, 东喜马拉雅构造结, 安宁河-则木河断裂, 南汀河断裂-红河断裂, 畹町断裂-南汀河断裂, 澜沧-景洪断裂东段。这些围空区中主要活动断裂带的晚第四纪活动性与历史地震活动状况也都显示出未来几年至几十年存在发生大地震的危险性, 在今后的地震预报工作中应给予特别关注。应用实践表明, 通过活动构造数据库的建设可快速有效地实现对区域大地震围空区的动态分析、辨别及大地震危险性初判。      

基于遥感信息的城市地表能量空间分布及特征研究——以国际宜居城市为例

遥感地表能量信息能够反映城市生态系统成分、作用与影响关系。本研究从城市生态系统的角度,提取能反映城市下垫面地物实体综合特征、作用与影响关系的相对地表能量信息,针对不同区域、规模与类型城市的地表能量空间分布及特征,建立了定量化的城市相对地表能量分级与评价指标。探讨国际“宜居型城市”生态系统结构、功能、形态及其时空变化特征和规律。结果表明：（1）城市实体空间建筑群的形状、体量,街道与建筑的朝向和配置关系,以及硬质化表面开放性的差异影响城市地表能量的分布。（2）建筑物周边的植被覆盖程度、建筑物之间的空间关系、广场和街道的开放性等,是维持城市开敞空间与实体空间的混合区域地表能量平衡的基础。宜居城市中心周围的大规模低密度居住区构成以中等能量分布为主的城市地表能量缓冲与过渡区。（3）城市开敞空间的地表能量变化幅度比实体空间大,宜居城市开敞空间的中、低地表能量分布占有较高比例。（4）宜居城市实体空间的高能量斑块呈现规模较小和分布相对分散的状态。采用相对地表能量分级与评价指标,可为各类城市规划与设计提供科学依据。     

近岸二类水体生物光学模型参数优化

为了优化生物光学模型中的悬浮物后向散射模型系数（b^_bx）和双向反射因子（f/Q）,基于珠江口、韩江河口、徐闻珊瑚礁保护区实测数据（遥感反射率、叶绿素a质量浓度、悬浮物质量浓度、CDOM吸收系数）,采用模拟退火算法同时优化了b_bx以及f/Q（N＝43）,并开发了生物光学正演模型（N＝22）。文章优化的f/Q为0.104 9,悬浮物在参考波长531 nm处后向散射系数b_bx为0.268×[TSS]^0.295。通过输入实测的水质数据模拟出531 nm处的遥感反射率,并外推到其他波段（412、443、490、551、667 nm）。模拟得到的531 nm处遥感反射率与实测值的均方根误差RMSE＝0.000 8,N＝22,除了模拟的667 nm处遥感反射率误差较大外（RMSE＝0.003 6,N＝22）,其他波段都具有较好的精度（RMSE＜0.002 3）。结果表明,该研究区与其他研究区（如黄、东海）的bbx和f/Q不一致,这2个参数需要根据研究区的数据进行优化。验证结果说明迭代优化的b_bx以及f/Q能够适用于广东近岸河口生物光学参数模拟。     

Impact of Different Aerosols on the Evolution of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer

The present work analyzes the effect of aerosols on the evolution of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) over Shangdianzi in Beijing.A one-dimensional ABL model and a radiative transfer scheme are incorporated to develop the structure of the ABL.The diurnal variation of the atmospheric radiative budget,atmospheric heating rate,sensible and latent heat fluxes,surface and the 2 m air temperatures as well as the ABL height,and its perturbations due to the aerosols with different single-scattering albedo (SSA) are studied by comparing the aerosol-laden atmosphere to the clean atmosphere.The results show that the absorbing aerosols cause less reduction in surface evaporation relative to that by scatting aerosols,and both surface temperature and 2 m temperature decrease from the clean atmosphere to the aerosol-laden atmosphere.The greater the aerosol absorption,the more stable the surface layer.After 12:00 am,the 2 m temperature increases for strong absorption aerosols.In the meantime,there is a slight decrease in the 2 m temperature for purely scattering aerosols due to radiative cooling.The purely scattering aerosols decrease the ABL temperature and enhance the capping inversion,further reducing the ABL height.     

一种利用反S数学模型自动确定地图目标分形无标度区的新方法

在观测尺度r的取值范围足够大时,地图目标的Richardson曲线往往呈现反S形态。根据这一特点,采用反S数学模型———带导数三次多项式模型拟合Richardson曲线,并根据该模型推导出分形无标度区间的计算公式,提出一种自动确定地图目标分形无标度区的新方法,最后通过实验验证本方法的可行性和有效性。     

Monin–Obukhov Similarity Functions for the Structure Parameters of Temperature and Humidity

Monin–Obukhov similarity functions for the structure parameters of temperature and humidity are needed to derive surface heat and water vapour fluxes from scintillometer measurements and it is often assumed that the two functions are identical in the atmospheric surface layer. Nevertheless, this assumption has not yet been verified experimentally. This study investigates the dissimilarity between the turbulent transport of sensible heat and water vapour, with a specific focus on the difference between the Monin–Obukhov similarity functions for the structure parameters. Using two datasets collected over homogeneous surfaces where the surface sources of sensible heat and water vapour are well correlated, we observe that under stable and very unstable conditions, the two functions are similar. This similarity however breaks down under weakly unstable conditions; in that regime, the absolute values of the correlations between temperature and humidity are also observed to be low, most likely due to large-scale eddies that transport unsteadiness, advection or entrainment effects from the outer layer. We analyze and demonstrate how this reduction in the correlation leads to dissimilarity between the turbulent transport of these two scalars and the corresponding Monin–Obukhov similarity functions for their structure parameters. A model to derive sensible and latent heat fluxes from structure parameters without measuring the friction velocity is tested and found to work very well under moderately to strongly unstable conditions (−z/L > 0.5). Finally, we discuss the modelling of the cross-structure parameter over wet surfaces, which is crucial for correcting water vapour effects on optical scintillometer measurements and also for obtaining surface sensible and latent heat fluxes from the two-wavelength scintillometry.     

基于“钻石模型”的我国地理信息产业国际竞争力分析

利用波特"钻石模型"理论,从生产要素、需求条件、结构与竞争、相关支持产业、政府推动和机会等六个方面对我国地理信息产业竞争力进行了分析,找到了我国地理信息产业在国际发展道路上存在的优势和不足,并提出相应对策。