Assessing the effect of climate change on reference evapotranspiration in China

Reference evapotranspiration (ET ₀ ) is a key parameter in hydrological and meteorological studies. In this study, the FAO Penman–Monteith equation was used to estimate ET ₀ , and the change in ET ₀ was investigated in China from 1960 to 2011. The results show that a change point around the year 1993 was detected for the annual ET ₀ series by the Cramer’s test. For the national average, annual ET ₀ decreased significantly (P < 0.001) by ?14.35 mm/decade from 1960 to 1992, while ET ₀ increased significantly (P < 0.05) by 22.40 mm/decade from 1993 to 2011. A differential equation method was used to attribute the change in ET ₀ to climate variables. The attribution results indicate that ET ₀ was most sensitive to change in vapor pressure, followed by solar radiation, air temperature and wind speed. However, the effective impact of change in climate variable on ET ₀ was the product of the sensitivity and the change rate of climate variable. During 1960–1992, the decrease in solar radiation was the main reason of the decrease in ET ₀ in humid region, while decrease in wind speed was the dominant factor of decreases in ET ₀ in arid region and semi-arid/semi-humid region of China. Decrease in solar radiation and/or wind speed offset the effect of increasing air temperature on ET ₀ , and together led to the decrease in ET ₀ from 1960 to 1992. Since 1993, the rapidly increasing air temperature was the dominant factor to the change in ET ₀ in all the three regions of China, which led to the increase in ET ₀ . Furthermore, the future change in ET ₀ was calculated under IPCC SRES A1B and B1 scenarios with projections from three GCMs. The results showed that increasing air temperature would dominate the change in ET ₀ and ET ₀ would increase by 2.13–10.77, 4.42–16.21 and 8.67–21.27 % during 2020s, 2050s and 2080s compared with the average annual ET ₀ during 1960–1990, respectively. The increases in ET ₀ would lead to the increase in agriculture water consumption in the 21st century and may aggravate the water shortage in China.     

GLACIOLOGICAL STUDIES AT RAE GLACIER,CANADIAN ROCKY MOUNTAINS

Rae Glacier is a small cirque glacier located in the front ranges of the Canadian Rocky Mountains. In 1990 and 1991 field research was completed to describe the physical glaciology of Rae Glacier and to characterize historical glaciological trends at the site. Ablation and surface movement rates were measured using a network of stakes drilled into the glacier and radio-echo sounding was used to describe local ice depths.

Rae Glacier has experienced a significant loss in size and mass during the historical period, owing to a lengthy interval of negative mass-balance conditions. The glacier has decreased in surface area by over 50% and now contains less than 24% of the ice it did at the end of the last century.

Surface-ice velocity varied between 1.4 and 5.4 m from 1990 to 1991. Rates of ice ablation proved to be highly variable, with steeper areas showing up to 50% more ablation. Combined with data on the emergent flow component of the glacier, the ablation data suggest that the glacier presently is unable to replenish the amount of ice annually being lost to ablation. The glacier has a lag time of 5 to 10 years, which confirms that it is sensitive to climatic fluctuations and responds to changes in mass balance within a very short time. This observation is supported by an estimated response time of 42 years. [Key words: glaciology, Rae Glacier, Canadian Rocky Mountains.]     

西宁盆地黄土区边坡土体含水量对植物根-土复合体抗剪强度影响的试验研究

为进一步研究植物根系的固土护坡力学效应,探讨边坡土体含水量对植物根系增强土体抗剪强度的影响,以西宁盆地长岭沟流域作为研究区,选取两种优势灌木植物柠条锦鸡儿(Caragana korshinskii Kom.)、白刺(Nitraria sphaerocarpa Maxim.)和两种优势草本植物芨芨草(Achnatheru...     

四川盆地中寒武统膏盐岩特征与成因分析

四川盆地中寒武统高台组、石冷水组膏盐岩广泛分布。在野外剖面、钻井剖面、岩心观察等宏微观分析的基础上,探讨了中寒武统膏盐岩发育特征,并分析了膏盐岩的成因。首先以石膏、白云石和黏土矿物为端元,将膏盐岩分为含泥含云质石膏岩类、膏质白云岩类和膏质砂泥岩类3大类及10小类;其次按膏盐岩剖面基本组成和结构特征总结出了丁山型、宫深型、方深型、建深型及范店型5类典型膏盐岩剖面,查明中寒武世毛庄+徐庄期两大聚盐区分别位于川南—黔北和万县—忠县一带。结合膏盐岩发育的沉积环境,建立了膏盐岩成因模式,认为四川盆地中寒武统膏盐岩存在潮上蒸发和沙坝(滩)后局限盐湖两类成因机制。     

四川广巴高速公路红层滑坡成因分析及防治措施

四川北部山区高速公路红层滑坡灾害广泛存在。根据广巴高速公路木门段滑坡的现场勘查,从地形地貌、地层岩性、地质构造、水文地质及滑坡形态等方面对滑坡形成机制进行分析,指出该滑坡属滑移～牵引型滑坡。通过对滑坡稳定性分析计算,得出其稳定系数K在1．05～1．15,且滑坡前缘在河床中,洪期受河水冲刷,加之匝道路堑和桥梁基坑开挖均对滑坡稳定不利,其稳定系数正逐步降低,处于欠稳定一基本稳定状态,需进行处治。结合工程实际,提出了于二级滑体前部设置抗滑桩、一级滑坡后部设置小直径钢管排桩,并辅以排水、截水设施的防治措施。     

新疆蒙库地区北塔山组地质及地球化学特征

介绍了新疆蒙库地区中泥盆统北塔山组的变质特征、岩性特征、岩相特征,时代,根据基岩光谱定量分析结果,通过与地壳丰度对比,了解了该套地层各微量元素含量,地球化学背景及其成矿地质背景。     

徐州市铜山区山体地质环境综合评价

在调查露采宕口现状的基础上,采用定性与定量相结合的层次分析法,建立系统评价的结构模型和数学模型.通过计算分级,确定矿山地质环境极差区、较差区和一般区的范围和面积.结果表明,该区山体地质环境质量总体较差,地质灾害隐患多.但经过适当的恢复治理,大多数宕口和矿山废弃土地可得到利用.     

Investigating high zircon concentrations in the fine fraction of stream sediments draining the Pan-African Dahomeyan Terrane in Nigeria

Sixteen hundred stream sediments (<150 μm fraction) collected during regional geochemical surveys in central and SW Nigeria have high median and maximum concentrations of Zr that exceed corresponding Zr concentrations found in stream sediments collected from elsewhere in the World with similar bedrock geology. X-ray diffraction studies on a sub-set of the analysed stream sediments showed that Zr is predominantly found in detrital zircon grains. However, the main proximal source rocks (Pan-African ‘Older Granites’ of Nigeria and their Proterozoic migmatitic gneiss country rocks) are not enriched in zircon (or Zr). Nevertheless, U–Pb LA-ICP-MS dating with cathodoluminescence imaging on detrital zircons, both from stream sediment samples and underlying Pan-African ‘Older Granites’ confirms a local bedrock source for the stream sediment zircons. A combination of tropical/chemical weathering and continuous physical weathering, both by ‘wet season’ flash flooding and ‘dry season’ unidirectional winds are interpreted to have effectively broken down bedrock silicate minerals and removed much of the resultant clay phases, thereby increasing the Zr contents in stream sediments. The strong correlation between winnowing index (Th/Al) and Zr concentration across the study area support this interpretation. Therefore, ‘anomalous’ high values of Zr, as well as other elements concentrated in resistant ‘heavy’ minerals in Nigeria’s streams may not reflect proximal bedrock concentrations of these elements. This conclusion has important implications for using stream sediment chemistry as an exploration tool in Nigeria for primary metal deposits associated with heavy minerals.     

论西藏扎达上白垩统波林夏拉组

上白垩统波林夏拉组的命名地点位于西藏西南部扎达波林,是一套以泥灰岩及灰岩为主的地层,底部以含海绿石灰岩与下伏下白垩统嘎姐组含海绿石石英砂岩整合接触,未见顶。波林夏拉组的时代据其所含丰富浮游有孔虫可被确定为晚白垩世Albian晚期至Maastrichtian晚期,其所含化石组合可以与晚白垩世特提斯喜马拉雅从台地到盆地的同...