Seasonal and interannual variations of carbon exchange over a rice-wheat rotation system on the North China Plain

Rice-wheat (R-W) rotation systems are ubiquitous in South and East Asia, and play an important role in modulating the carbon cycle and climate. Long-term, continuous flux measurements help in better understanding the seasonal and interannual variation of the carbon budget over R-W rotation systems. In this study, measurements of CO2 fluxes and meteorological variables over an R-W rotation system on the North China Plain from 2007 to 2010 were analyzed. To analyze the abiotic factors regulating Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE), NEE was partitioned into gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration. Nighttime NEE or ecosystem respiration was controlled primarily by soil temperature, while daytime NEE was mainly determined by photosythetically active radiation (PAR). The responses of nighttime NEE to soil temperature and daytime NEE to light were closely associated with crop development and photosynthetic activity, respectively. Moreover, the interannual variation in GPP and NEE mainly depended on precipitation and PAR. Overall, NEE was negative on the annual scale and the rotation system behaved as a carbon sink of 982 g C m-2 per year over the three years. The winter wheat field took up more CO2 than the rice paddy during the longer growing season, while the daily NEE for wheat and rice were -2.35 and -3.96 g C m-2, respectively. After the grain harvest was subtracted from the NEE, the winter wheat field became a moderately strong carbon sink of 251-334 g C m-2 per season, whereas the rice paddy switched to a weak carbon sink of 107-132 per season.     

Performance of Convective Parameterization Schemes in Asia Using RegCM:Simulations in Three Typical Regions for the Period 1998–2002

This study discusses the sensitivity of convective parameterization schemes(CPSs) in the Regional Climate Model(version 4.3)(Reg CM4.3) over East/South Asia. The simulations using different CPSs in Reg CM are compared to discover a suitable scheme for this region, as the performance of different schemes is greatly influenced by region and seasonality. Over Southeast China and the Bay of Bengal, the Grell scheme exhibits the lowest RMSEs of summer precipitation compared to observed data. Moreover, the Emanuel over land and Grell over ocean(ELGO) scheme enhances the simulation, in comparison with any single CPS(Grell/Emanuel) over Western Ghats, Sri Lanka, and Southeast India. Over the Huang–Huai–Hai Plain(3H) and Tibetan Plateau(TP) regions of China, the Tiedtke scheme simulates the more reasonable summer precipitation with high correlation coefficient and comparable amplitude. Especially, it reproduces a minimum convective precipitation bias of 8 mm d-1and the lowest RMSEs throughout the year over East/South Asia. Furthermore, for seasonal variation of precipitation, the Tiedtke scheme results are closer to the observed data over the 3H and TP regions. However, none of the CPSs is able to simulate the seasonal variation over North Pakistan(NP). In comparison with previous research, the results of this study support the Grell scheme over South Asia. However, the Tiedtke scheme shows superiority for the 3H, TP and NP regions. The thicker PBL, less surface latent heat flux, the unique ability of deep convection and the entrainment process in the Tiedtke scheme are responsible for reducing the wet bias.     

平面四参数模型在权源资料坐标转换中的应用——以济源某地块为例

针对历史土地权源资料坐标系多样的现状,为充分利用权源资料和维护坐标系统的一致性,本文提出了一种把旧坐标系成果转换到2000国家大地坐标系的平面四参数转换方法.首先,利用网络RTK设备结合权源资料实地采集重合点;然后,采用平面四参数模型计算转换参数;最后,把旧坐标系成果转换到2000国家大地坐标系.以济源某地块为例进行实地验证,该方法具有较高的转换精度,能够实现界址点的精确计算,满足土地权属调查的要求.本文方法能够减少外业调查投入,对土地权属调查具有一定的现实意义.     

岩石热液蚀变作用过程元素的活动性——河南祁雨沟金矿Ⅳ号岩体蚀变花岗斑岩的研究

本文以河南省祁雨沟金矿Ⅳ号角砾岩体不同中段(标高340m以上)的蚀变花岗斑岩角砾为研究对象,对其蚀变过程中主量、微量元素的活动性进行了深入探讨。通过与地表新鲜花岗斑岩的矿物学和地球化学对比显示,从深部到浅部的蚀变花岗斑岩角砾经历了早期钠长石化、中期钾长石化和晚期黄铁绢英岩化三个阶段的蚀变作用,元素的行为也发生了相应的变化,具有显著的正Eu异常,Zr、Hf富集而Nb、Ta、Y强烈亏损等特点。引发热液蚀变的流体体系是碱性的、浅成低温的和低硫的,迁入了大量的Mg、P和LOI,并将Mn、Co和Zn活化转移出体系。该流体的pH由最初的碱性逐渐向酸性转变,碱性流体将成矿元素Au、Cu、Pb、Zn和稀土元素活化转移至酸性介质中沉淀富集,因此钠长石化、钾长石化和黄铁绢英岩化蚀变作用可作为金矿床重要的找矿标志。     

大陆地壳熔融和酸性岩浆起源的热源问题

地壳的熔融受控于地壳的岩石成分、减压作用、外来水的加入和地壳内部的地温条件等众多因素,其中确定熔融所需热量的来源至关重要。本文简要回顾了板内环境下地壳熔融和酸性岩浆起源的相关研究,总结了引发地壳熔融热源的热源问题。目前一般认为地壳熔融是由底侵的高温幔源岩浆引发的,这种观点得到多学科资料的支持。不过底侵观点未能很好地解释大规模基性和酸性岩浆作用之间存在的显著不相关性和S型花岗岩的成因,相关数值模拟结果也高估了岩浆侵入所能引发的地壳熔融规模。本文提出岩石圈的不均一拉张和地表拉张裂谷内沉积物的快速加积可使地壳内部形成较高的地温梯度,进而造成以变沉积岩为主要成分的上地壳的大规模熔融和相关S型酸性岩浆作用的发生。     

砂岩型铀矿弱信息提取方法应用研究

砂岩型铀矿弱信息提取及综合评价技术是当前铀矿勘查中重要的研究内容之一。分析了航磁、航放弱信息的形成理论,通过试验建立了有效的弱信息提取模型。在鄂尔多斯盆地东北部开展了砂岩型铀矿预测评价应用,取得了较好的效果。研究结果表明,弱信息提取和综合评价技术可快速缩小砂岩型铀矿找矿靶区,提高预测精度。     

模式时间关联误差对集合平方根滤波估算土壤湿度的影响

为了定量评估模式时间关联误差对NOAH陆面模式同化表层土壤湿度观测估算土壤湿度廓线的影响,采用集合平方根滤波(En SRF)与状态增广相结合的技术,开展同时更新状态变量和订正模式偏差的观测系统模拟试验,结果表明:同化时若不对存在较大系统性偏差的模式时间关联误差进行处理,En SRF就不能有效估算土壤湿度廓线,而采用状态增广和En SRF相结合的技术,可以在更新土壤湿度时同步订正模式偏差,土壤湿度估算精度明显提高。敏感性试验进一步表明:模式偏差大小、同化时间间隔和观测误差会以不同方式对同化结果造成影响。     

无机成因油气及其资源前景

地幔和地核中大量的碳和氢以及地幔深处的甲烷、二氧化碳等提供了无机成因气体的物质基础,近年来地球化学方法的应用给有机和无机成因天然气提供了可靠的判别依据,主要有⑴无机成因甲烷的δ1 3C1≥-30.0‰⑵无机成因烷烃气体具有负碳同位素系列,即δ1 3C1δ1 3C2δ1 3C3δ1 3C4⑶R/Ra0.5,δ1 3C1-δ1 3C20为无机成因烷烃气⑷CH4/3He≤106是无机成因烷烃气(甲烷)。这些判别指标的提出有效地指导了无机成因天然气的勘探实践。目前在我国东部已发现了35个无机成因的二氧化碳气藏,并首次发现无机成因烷烃气藏—昌德气藏,资源潜力巨大,因此应积极开展无机成因气的勘探和开发,使这一产量巨大的油气后备领域早日得到利用。