STUDY OF PHYSICAL PROCESSES AFFECTING THE TRANSFORMATION OF COLD AIR OVER LAND AFTER OUTBREAK OF COLD WAVES IN EAST ASIA

Authors have studied the transformation processes of cold air over land in East Asia for eight cases which occurredin different months of 1981.First,the surface eddy sensible and latent heat fluxes,and drag coefficient were estimatedaccording to the approach of similarity theory.Then,the apparent heat source,the apparent moisture sink,and solarand long-wave radiative heating(or cooling)were further calculated through the budget method and physicalparameterization algorithm.It has been found that the cold air immediately starts the transformation process over landonce it moves away from its region of origin.In winter,the degree of transformation of cold air mass gradually intensi-fied as it travelled southeastward;while arriving in the ocean,the cold air mass underwent the most significant transfor-mation process.In summer,the most vigorous transformation of thermal and moisture fields was observed in NorthChina and Mongolian region,with much greater intensity than that in winter.     

湖北大冶沙田下三叠统菊石、双壳动物群的发现及其地层意义

本文所研究的湖北大冶沙田下三叠统菊石、双壳动物群,包括菊石10属11种,双壳类4属9种。文中建立了5个菊石带:Lytophiceras带、Gyronites带、Flemingites带、Pseudosagece-ras—Xenodiscoides带和Anasibirites带;2个双壳动物带:Claraia griesbachi带和Cl.concentrica带,并依据动物群面貌,将原大冶群的时代详细划分为大冶组和观音山组。大冶组的时代相当于格里斯巴赫期至亭纳尔期,观音山组的时代相当于斯密斯期至斯派斯期。     

A DIAGNOSTIC STUDY OF AN EXPLOSIVELY DEEPENING OCEANIC CYCLONE OVER THE NORTHWEST PACIFIC

The vertical motions and secondary circulation of an explosively deepening oceanic cyclone,which oc-curred over the Northwest Pacific Ocean and was in conjunction with 200 hPa-level jet stream and hascentral pressure falls of 33.9 hPa/24h,have been computed from seven-level nonlinear balance model and Saw-yer-Eliassen-Shapiro equation for the transverse ageostrophic circulation.The vertical motions are partitionedinto contributions from large-scale latent heat release,effect of cumulus heating,thermal advection,differen-tial vorticity advection,etc.,while the secondary circulation stream function is partitioned into contributionsfrom geostrophic deformation,transfer of momentum and heat in the area of cumulus and diabatic heating.The principal results are the following.Large-scale latent heat release is very crucial to the explosive de-velopment of cyclones.If there is enough transfer of moisture,the positive feedback process between ascentof air and large-scale heating would work.The cumulus heating and the transfer of momentum and heatin the area of cumulus play an important role during the explosively deepening stage.Thermal advection isthe initial triggering condition for large-scale heating and the conditional instability for the convection ofcumulus.     

动力强迫对台风次级环流的作用

本文导出无量纲的台风次级环流方程,然后用11年综合台风资料,计算了动力强迫的次级环流。通过计算,得到主要结论如下: (1)积云动量垂直混合和涡旋动量水平通量是主要的动力强迫因子。 (2)积云动量垂直混合在台风发展过程中可促进大尺度低空辐合,因而可加强由CISK机制所说明的正反馈过程。 (3)Ekman抽吸与积云动量垂直混合是相互促进、共同发展的,这是台风发展中的一个重要反馈过程。     

日本的活动断层和火山——访日考察报告

本文简述日本的地质构造、火山、地震活动的轮廓和特点;重点报导作者在日本现场考察活动断层和火山的结果;对日本在地学领域研究的特点、经验及趋向进行了概括相评述。     

西秦岭地区钙碱质火山岩中石榴石的发现及其地质意义

在西秦岭钙碱质火山岩中首次发现富铁铝成分的石榴石，成分与国外已有资料相比明显地富Ca。在证据表明，区内火山岩中石榴石不是外来捕获晶或残留相，而是偏“干”的岩浆处于早期高压环境下的结晶相。石榴石晶体周边生长的斜长石晶环并不是岩浆反应产物，而是岩浆在温压突变条件下以被消融残留的石榴石为中心从岩浆中直接晶出的。依据地质和实验岩石学资料推断，西秦岭中生代含石榴石钙碱质火山岩浆可能起源于50km以下的地壳基底。     

Coronal Loops Above a Sunspot Region

By analysing the data of Yohkoh soft X-ray images, vector magnetograms and 2D spectral observations, coronal loops above a large sunspot on 16–19 May 1994 have been studied. It is shown that the loops follow generally the alignment of concentrated magnetic flux. The results indicate that the soft X-ray emission is low just above the sunspot, while some loops connecting regions with opposite magnetic polarities show strong soft X-ray emission. Especially, the part of the loops near the weaker magnetic field region tends to be brighter than the one near the stronger magnetic field. The temperature around the top of the loops is typically 3 × 10⁶ K, which is higher than that at the legs of the loops by a factor of 1.5–2.0. The density near the top of the loops is about 5 x 10⁹ cm^-3, which is higher than that of the leg parts of the loops. These loops represent probably the sites where strong magnetic flux and/or current are concentrated.     

胶东地区地质体含金性的地质地球化学评价

通过分析胶东地区各地质体例 的金根率分布模型,金含量的分数维特征,金及相关元素的组合特征天南地北来评价胶来地区各地质体的含金性。结果表明：胶东群,粉子山群,玲珑型花岗岩为金的矿源岩,郭家岭型花岗岩可能即为本区的金成矿提供成矿物质又起到了“热机”的作用。     

中国区域缺水问题的发展趋势与解决对策

分析了建国以来我国两个缺水阶段的特点，即第一阶段是由农田灌溉面积快速发展引起的，第二阶段是供水能力增长缓慢造成的；然后根据我国工业发展速度、宜农荒地面积和农田灌溉面积的增长情况，分５个地区对我国２１世纪的水资源需求进行了预测，２１世纪我国的需水量将持续增长，至２０５０年达９５０×１０９ｍ３，但供水发展缓慢，因此我国２１世纪上半叶区域缺水问题严重。最后提出了解决我国区域缺水问题的四条对策，即开源、节流、加强污水处理与扩大资金投入