内蒙古西乌旗地区下二叠统寿山沟组烃源岩有机地球化学特征

近些年二连盆地及外围地区石炭—二叠系油气研究工作表明该区具有很大的勘探潜力,西乌旗下二叠统寿山沟组为该区油气勘探的重要目的层之一。为了更准确、深入地认识寿山沟组烃源岩的品质,本文针对寿山沟组烃源岩样品进行有机地球化学特征方面的研究。通过总有机碳（TOC）测试、氯仿沥青及族组分抽提分离、生油岩热解分析、饱和烃GC-MS测试手段重点对烃源岩进行有机质丰度、成熟度及类型评价,并根据有机分子地球化学特征判识生烃母质来源及其沉积环境。研究结果表明：样品总有机碳含量（TOC）均值为1.01%,氯仿沥青“A”含量均值为0.23%,生烃潜量PG（S₁+S₂）均值为0.05×10^-3,综合判识烃源岩有机质丰度为“中等—较好”级别;样品Ro值较高,介于1.67%~4.36%,结合Ts/（Ts+Tm）值与C₂₉甾烷异构化参数特征综合判断有机质成熟度达“高成熟—过成熟”阶段;生物标志物分析结果表明烃源岩的生烃母质以低等浮游生物、菌藻类为主,陆生高等植物为辅,有机质类型为Ⅱ₁、Ⅱ₂型;古水体盐度较高,有机质保存于还原性条件。综合有机质丰度、类型、成熟度、保存条件各项参数认为西乌旗地区寿山沟组烃源岩可达“中等—较好”级别,可为研究区油气资源富集提供气源。

     

NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTS ON THE FORMATION OF THE EASTERN PACIFIC SUMMER MONSOON

In this paper,we use a two-dimensional primary equation model which contains (1) heating ofradiation,(2) heating of condensation,and (3) transfers of sensible and latent heat between air andthe underlying surface.To investigate the causes for the formation of the eastern North Pacific sum-mer monsoon,the data at 110°W are obtained and winds at underlying surface and at 200 hPa aremodified under the conditions (1) removing topography and (2) changing meridional sea surface tem-perature (SST) gradient.In the numerical modification,we find that by removing the topography,the center's location ofthe eastern North Pacific summer monsoon does not change,but the intensity of the summer monsoonis weakened.Also the onset of the summer monsoon is delayed to the end of May.The tropical east-erly jet is weakened obviously,even changes to westerly wind.On the other hand,we find that theSST gradient along 110°W influences the eastern North Pacific summer monsoon distinctly.If theSST gradient is decreased,the center of the southwest wind near 12°N does not exist any more.theintensity of the whole summer monsoon becomes very weak and the circulation pattern of the summermonsoon also changes a lot.Finally,we indicate that both topography and meridional SST gradient play important roles inthe occurrence of the eastern North Pacific summer monsoon.The meridional SST gradient is themost important factor that triggers the summer monsoon and the topography along 110°W influencesthe intensity and the onset time of the summer monsoon there mostly.     

Study of red tide prediction model for the Changjiang Estuary

ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＡｑｕｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅａｒｅａｒｅｄｔｉｄｅｓｉｇｎａｌｓｏｃｅａｎｐｏｌｌｕｔｉｏｎａｎｄｄｉｓａｓｔｅｒ.Ａｌｔｈｏｕｇｈｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｓｃｉｅｎｔｉｓｔｓｈａｖｅｃｏｎｄｕｃｔｅｄｍａｎｙｉｎ ｄｅｐｔｈｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｅｓｏｎｔｈｅｃａｕｓｅａｎｄｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｍｅｃｈａｎｉｓｍｏｆｒｅｄｔｉｄｅ ,ｍａｎｙｏｆｉｔｓａｓｐｅｃｔｓａｒｅｓｔｉｌｌｕｎｋｎｏｗｎｂｅｃａｕｓｅｒｅｄｔｉｄｅｉｓａｃｏｍｐｌｅｘｐｈｅｎｏｍｅｎｏｎａｎｄｔｈｅｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃ…     

Epithermal Gold Mineralization in Chinese Tianshan Province

ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＴｈｅＴｉａｎｓｈａｎｒａｎｇｅ ,ｌｏｃａｔｅｄｗｉｔｈｉｎｔｈｅＸｉｎｊｉａｎｇＵｙｇｕｒＡｕｔｏｎｏｍｏｕｓＲｅｇｉｏｎｏｆＮｏｒｔｈｗｅｓｔＣｈｉｎａ ,ｅｘｔｅｎｄｓｆｏｒａｂｏｕｔ2 5 0 0ｋｍｉｎａｎＥ Ｗｄｉｒｅｃｔｉｏｎａｎｄｈａｓａｗｉｄｔｈｏｆ 5 0 0ｋｍ .ＡｓｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｍａｊｏｒＰａｌｅｏｚｏｉｃｏｒｏｇｅｎｓｉｎｔｈｅｗｏｒｌｄ ,Ｔｉａｎｓｈａｎｈａｓａｇｒｅａｔｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌｆｏｒｇｏｌｄｍｉｎｅｒａｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎｗｉｔｈｍｉｎｅｒａｌｉｚｉ…     

Cosmic‐ray rejection for single spectroscopic CCD images by means of template matching

This article describes a novel algorithm for cosmic‐ray rejection in single spectroscopic CCD images. This algorithm is based on a variation of template matching. It focuses on identifying those pixels belong to spectra, while other conventional algorithms tried to locate the cosmic‐ray hits directly. The main principle is applying template matching to find suspicious blocks, which is followed by surface patching to locate the legitimate pixels accurately. Therefore, the rest pixels are the ones corrupted by cosmic‐ray hits. Meanwhile, almost all the parameters are automatically extracted from the images. Examples of its performance are given for both simulated and observed images. It shows an advantage of significantly low false alarm rate with relatively high detection rate (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Tests and applications of an approach to absorbing reflected waves towards incident boundary

If the upstream boundary conditions are prescribed based on the incident wave only, the time-dependent numerical models cannot effectively simulate the wave field when the physical or spurious reflected waves become significant. This paper describes carefully an approach to specifying the incident wave boundary conditions combined with a set sponge layer to absorb the reflected waves towards the incident boundary. Incorporated into a time-dependent numerical model, whose governing equations are the Boussinesq-type ones, the effectiveness of the approach is studied in detail. The general boundary conditions, describing the down-wave boundary conditions are also generalized to the case of random waves. The numerical model is in detail examined. The test cases include both the normal one-dimensional incident regular or random waves and the two-dimensional oblique incident regular waves. The calculated results show that the present approach is effective on damping the reflected waves towards the incident wave boundary.     

Fractal Determination of Coastal Types Based on GIS--A Case Study of China

The probability of fractal determination of coastal types based on GIS is preliminarily discussed with China as an example. Finally, some significant conclusions are drawn: (1) The fractal dimension of coastline of the bedrock coast is larger than that of the plain coast on the same scale map; (2) As far as the bedrock coast is concerned, the larger fractal dimension of coastline of the bedrock coast on the same scale map indicates that the bedrock coast is probably not typical; (3) As far as the plain coast is concerned, the smaller fractal dimension of coastline of the plain coast on the same scale map indicates that it is probably the silt plain coast; (4) The different substantial compositions affect the fractal dimensions of coastlines of different coastal types. In general, the coast which lies in the north of the Hangzhou Bay consists of sand mainly, its surface is flat, and it is connected with the coastal plain, its landform is broad shoal, its total change is comparatively homogenous in the tidal dynamic process, and thus, the relatively smaller fractal dimension of coastline results from this. For the bedrock coast, there is more bedrock, the coastline is comparatively smooth and straight, being affected by the faults and ocean dynamic process, which result in the larger fractal dimension.     

A bio-optical inversion model to retrieve absorption contributions and phytoplankton size structure from total minus water spectral absorption using genetic algorithm

We propose a bio-optical inversion model that retrieves the absorption contributions of phytoplankton and colored detrital matter(CDM),as well as the phytoplankton size classes(PSCs),from total minus water absorption spectra.The model is based on three-component separation of phytoplankton size structure and a genetic algorithm.The model performance was tested on two independent datasets(the NASA bio-Optical Marine Algorithm Dataset(NOMAD) and the northern South China Sea(NSCS) dataset).The relationships between the estimated and measured values were strongly linear,especially for aCDM(412),and the Root Mean Square Error(RMSE) of the CDM exponential slope(SCDM) was relatively low.Next,the inversion model was directly applied to in-situ total minus water absorption spectra determined by an underwater meter during a cruise in September 2008,to retrieve the phytoplankton size structure in the seawater.By comparing the measured and retrieved chlorophyll a concentrations,we demonstrated that total and size-specific chlorophyll a concentrations could be retrieved by the model with relatively high accuracy.Finally,we applied the bio-optical inversion model to investigate changes in phytoplankton size structure induced by an anti-cyclonic eddy in the NSCS.     

Inorganic carbon parameters responding to summer hypoxia outside the Changjiang Estuary and the related implications

The eutrophication, hypoxia and coastal acidification are attracting more and more attention. In this study, inorganic carbon parameters, including dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), total alkalinity (TA) and calculated partial pressure of CO₂ (pCO₂), obtained from a summer cruise in August, 2009, were used to investigate their integrated response to biological processes accompanying the oxygen depletion in the areas off the Changjiang Estuary. According to the observations, the typical hypoxia occurred in the bottom water just outside the Changjiang Estuary with Dissolved Oxygen (DO) lower than 2.00 mg L^?1. The biological uptake in the surface water and the decomposition of organic matter in the bottom water were fully coupled with each other. The high concentration of Chl_a (Chl_a = 10.9 μg L^?1) and DO (9.25 mg L^?1), profoundly decreased DIC concentration (1828 μmol kg^?1) and elevated pH (8.42) was observed in the surface water. The correspondingly increased DIC and depletion of oxygen were observed in the bottom water. The semi-quantitative analysis proved that the locally-produced phytoplankton, determined by primary productivity, was deposited to the bottom and contributed about 76% of total amount of the organic carbon decomposition in the bottom. However, in the bottom hypoxia (DO = 2.05 mg L^?1) area observed in the Southern Zhejiang coastal water, the responding patterns of inorganic carbon parameters deviated from the previous one. The expanding of Changjiang Diluted Water (CDW), the adding of Hangzhou Bay water (with high DIC concentration) and Coastal Current together modify the DIC background value in this area, and the local degeneration and upwelling process may also help to offset the local DIC removed by net biological uptake in surface water. In addition, when the mixing occurring in autumn, which may break the summer stratification, the excess release of high DIC in the bottom water to the subsurface water could have an important influence on coastal acidification and the CO₂ uptake capacity in this area.     

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