A Raman spectroscopic study on the structural disorder of monazite–(Ce)

This study addresses whether Raman spectra can be used to estimate the degree of accumulated radiation damage in monazite-(Ce) samples whose chemical composition was previously determined. Our results indicate that the degree of disorder in monazite–(Ce), as observed from increasing Raman band broadening, generally depends on both the structural state (i.e., radiation damage) and the chemical composition (i.e., incorporation of non-formula elements). The chemical effects were studied on synthetic orthophosphates grown using the Li-Mo flux method, and non radiation-damaged analogues of the naturally radiation-damaged monazite–(Ce) samples, produced by dry annealing. We found that the “chemical” Raman-band broadening of natural monazite–(Ce) can be predicted by the empirical formula, $$ {\hbox{FWHM}} {\hbox{[c}}{{\hbox{m}}^{ - {1}}}{]} = {3}{.95} + {26}{.66} \times {\hbox{(Th}} + {\hbox{U}} + {\hbox{Ca}} + {\hbox{Pb)}} {\hbox{[apfu]}} $$ where, FWHM = full width at half maximum of the main Raman band of monazite–(Ce) (i.e., the symmetric PO₄ stretching near 970?cm^?1), and (Th+U+Ca+Pb) = sum of the four elements in apfu (atoms per formula unit). Provided the chemical composition of a natural monazite–(Ce) is known, this “chemical band broadening” can be used to estimate the degree of structural radiation damage from the observed FWHM of the ν₁(PO₄) band of that particular sample using Raman spectroscopy. Our annealing studies on a wide range of monazite–(Ce) reference materials and other monazite–(Ce) samples confirmed that this mineral virtually never becomes highly radiation damaged. Potential advantages and the practical use of the proposed method in the Earth sciences are discussed.     

大别造山带北缘西部中生代晚期火山、沉积地层的时代

大别造山带北缘西部的一套火山岩及其上的"红层",依据叶肢介、同位素年龄值和较丰富的恐龙蛋和少量介形虫化石,从下而上划分为陈棚组、周家湾组,时代归属早、晚白垩世.陈棚组角度不整合于上侏罗统朱集组或段集组之上,向东与安徽省境内的早白垩世毛坦厂组、白大畈组为相同层位.周家湾组角度不整合于陈棚组之上,含较丰富的恐龙蛋化石,始-古新世李庄群不整合覆于其上.     

潘集煤矿二叠纪主采煤层中微量元素亲和性研究

安徽淮南煤田位于华北地台南端 ,发育了华北地区二叠纪含煤岩系中层位最高的可采煤层。采用仪器中子活化分析法 (INAA)测试了淮南煤田潘集煤矿二叠纪主采煤层 13个样品的 36个微量元素的浓度分布 ,并对其共生组合特点、地球化学特征及稀土元素配比模式作了初步分析 ,结果表明 ,煤中不同微量元素显示出不同的亲和性质。元素Br,As ,Sb ,Ni和Co等趋于在煤中富集 ,其中Br的有机亲和性最大。元素Na ,K ,Rb ,Th ,Hf,Zr ,Ta和REE则在煤层与顶底板接触带的碳质泥岩中富集 ,表现出与细粒陆源碎屑物更强的亲和性。其它元素倾向性不甚明显 ,但Fe ,Ca ,Sr ,HREE等元素在海水影响强度增大的煤层中含量增加。元素As,Cs,Ni,Fe和Ca在煤层中含量变化较大 ,其变异系数大于 1,其它元素则相对稳定 ,表明同一矿区煤层中微量元素含量在不受其它地质作用明显叠加影响时具有一定的稳定性。本区煤层稀土元素配比模式与华北其它地区C—P纪煤基本类似 ,普遍存在Eu亏损现象。 ∑REE在煤中分布范围为30× 10 -6～ 95× 10 -6,在顶板泥岩中超过 2 0 0× 10 -6。煤层中部 ∑REE降低 ,HREE相对富集。聚类分析表明 ,元素As ,Se ,Ag和Fe关系密切 ,这与煤中黄铁矿等成岩矿物有直接关系 ,泥炭沼泽演化期间或之后海水的直接或间接影响会促使这     

Fluid inclusion studies of the Abawso gold prospect,near the Ashanti Belt,Ghana

The major Ghanaian lode gold deposits are preferentially aligned along the western and eastern contacts of the Kumasi Basin with the Ashanti and Sefwi Belts, respectively. The investigated area of the Abawso small-scale concession, covering the workings of the old Ettadom mine, is situated 3 km west of the lithological contact of the Birimian metavolcanic rocks of the Akropong Belt in the east with the Birimian metasedimentary rocks of the Kumasi Basin in the west. The rocks of the Abawso concession represent a steeply NW-dipping limb of a SE-verging anticline with an axis plunging to the SW. Quartz veining occurs predominantly in the form of en échelon dilatational veins along NNE–SSW-striking shear zones of a few metres width and shows evidence of brittle and ductile deformation. Also stockwork-style quartz veining occurs in the vicinity of the main shaft of the old Ettadom mine. Hydrothermal alteration includes sericitisation, sulphidation and locally carbonatisation. The auriferous quartz veins mainly follow the trend of brittle to ductile deformed quartz veins; however, some occur in stockwork. Fluid inclusion studies reveal a large number of H₂O inclusions along intragranular trails in auriferous quartz vein samples, as well as an overall dominance of H₂O and H₂O-CO₂ inclusions over CO₂ inclusions. Textural observations and physico-chemical fluid inclusion properties indicate post-entrapment modifications for all quartz vein samples due to grain boundary migration recrystallisation. This process is interpreted to be responsible for the generation of the CO₂ inclusions from a H₂O-CO₂ parent fluid. In comparison with mineralisation at the Ashanti and Prestea deposits, which are characterised by CO₂±N₂ inclusions, the observed inclusion assemblage may be due to a shallower crustal level of mineralisation, or different degrees and styles of recrystallisation, or a less pronounced development of laminated quartz veins due to comparably restricted pressure fluctuations. Furthermore, the microthermometric observations allow the reconstruction of a possible retrograde P-T path, depicting near-isothermal decompression in the P-T range of the brittle/ductile transition.Editorial handling: E. Frimmel     

Kinetics and Equilibrium Sorption Studies of 4-Nitrophenol on pyrolyzed and activated oil shale residue

Sorption of the organic pollutant 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) by pyrolyzed and activated Jordanian oil-shale was studied. Pyrolyzed oil shale was prepared using a fluidized bed reactor at 520 °C in the presence of nitrogen. Physical activation was carried out by treating the pyrolyzed oil shale with CO₂ at 830 °C, while chemical activation was achieved by using KOH and ZnCl₂ as impregnating agents. Batch kinetics and isotherm studies were conducted to evaluate the sorption process. Effects of contact time, initial sorbate concentration, sorbent concentration, temperature, pH and inorganic salts (NaCl and KCl) on the sorption process by the different sorbents were considered. Chemically activated oil shale, pretreated with ZnCl₂, gave the highest uptake of 4-NP. The isotherm experimental data fit reasonably well to Langmuir, Freundlich and Redlich-Paterson models. Three kinetic models, namely the Morris-Weber, Lagergren, and Pseudo-Second-Order model (PSOM), were applied to represent the experimental results for both pyrolyzed and ZnCl₂-oil shale sorbents.     

变化环境对城市暴雨及排水系统影响研究进展

近年来,变化环境（气候变化和城镇化）导致城市暴雨的发生频率或强度增加,加剧了城市暴雨洪涝问题。因此,分析变化环境对城市暴雨及排水系统的影响对城市水资源规划管理、市政规划设计和城市防灾减灾有着重要意义。总结了未来高精度降雨预估技术、变化环境下排水系统设计标准等关键问题的研究进展,综述了变化环境下城市短历时暴雨演变规律及变化环境对城市排水系统影响的研究现状,探讨了变化环境对城市短历时暴雨的影响机理,并归纳了当前研究变化环境对城市暴雨及排水系统影响的主要方法。指出今后应重点加强的研究:①加强气候变化和城镇化对城市短历时暴雨影响机制的研究;②提升区域气候模式对城市区域下垫面和大气相互作用的描述能力,并加强公里尺度对流可解析模型在城市气候变化影响研究中的应用;③加强对变化环境下排水系统设计标准的研究;④综合评估气候变化和城镇化对城市排水系统超载、污染物转移和水安全等的影响。     

黑矿型矿床成矿物质来源：日本上向黑矿铼—锇和氦同位素证据

上向黑矿（Uwamuki Kuroko)是日本最典型的黑矿型矿床，它形成于日本岛弧中新世矢折岛弧裂谷环境，产于双峰式岩石组合的长英质火山岩系中。矿床由下部筒状硅矿带和上部块状黑矿带构成，后者显示典型的上黑（黑矿）下黄（黄矿）金属分带。为探索研究长期争议的成矿物质来源，系统测定了矿石和主岩的Os,He同位素组成。含矿流纹岩系的R／RA值介于0．93－1．14间，证实该岩浆可能主要来源于陆壳重熔。上向黑矿的上部块状黑矿矿石具较高的^187Os/^188Os值（2．246－7．608），反映矿石Os主体来源于壳源沉积物或矿区基底岩系；下部脉状－网脉状硅矿、块状黄矿和少量黑矿则具低^187Os/^188Os值（0．423－0．793），证实矿石Os具两源性，估计幔源物质贡献约57％－89％，壳源物质贡献约11％－43％。此外，在上部块状黑矿带内部，矿石 ^187Os/^188O显示清楚的垂向韵律性变化，揭示了成矿流体及成矿物质的周期性混合，据此，本文提出了一个新的两阶段成矿模式。     

珠江流域暴雨天气系统与暴雨洪水特征分析

对珠江流域9场历史典型暴雨洪水的致洪天气系统、暴雨中心落区及发生时间进行统计分析,探求珠江流域各水系产生暴雨的天气系统、暴雨类型、洪水成因及发生时间的相互联系,归纳出珠江流域致洪暴雨洪水的一些基本特征规律,对于珠江流域防洪减灾具有一定参考价值。     

水泥-粉煤灰浆液在水电站隧洞灌浆中的应用

针对三叉水电站引水隧洞Ⅳ标段围岩地质条件,详细分析了水泥-粉煤灰浆液在该工程引水隧洞灌浆中的应用情况。从应用情况综合分析可以得出,隧洞灌浆采用水泥-粉煤灰浆液是可行的,完全能满足设计要求,在保证灌浆质量的前提下,可以降低部分施工成本,具有较好的推广应用价值。     

生物多样性遥感研究进展

随着遥感技术和新型传感器的发展,遥感已成为目前区域或全球生物多样性研究的重要方法。综述了目前国内外生物多样性遥感研究的最新进展;分析了遥感生物多样性研究的主要理论基础,包括光谱变异假说、生产力假说和种—面积关系理论等;总结了利用高空间和高光谱分辨率遥感数据直接监测生物物种及其多样性的进展与局限性;基于遥感反演的不同环境变量进行生物多样性模拟和预测是目前最常用的方法,对其进行了较详细的分析,并介绍了相关模型的发展。最后,总结了该方法在我国的应用局限,指出增进学科合作、将遥感方法与生态学理论和模型相结合、重视地面验证数据的使用将是生物多样性遥感研究的发展趋势。