利用SWDC-4数码航空影像的1:5000、1:10000平地像控布点研究

数码航空摄影技术已日趋成熟,数码航空影像因其高分辨率、低成本、高效率等优势已在测绘地理信息领域得到广泛应用。选取SWDC-4数码航空影像,在研究基高比对高程精度影响的基础上,进行像片控制点的布设和空三加密试验,并对影像分辨率、航高、焦距、航摄技术及外业像控点分布等进行分析总结,提出满足1:5000和1:10000航空摄影测量规范平地精度要求的适宜航高和控制点布设方案。     

基于ADS80数字航空影像的大比例尺立体测图

ADS80数字航摄仪是目前先进的推扫式机载数字航空摄影测量系统。通过介绍ADS80数字航空摄影测量系统及ADS80数字航空影像在大比例尺测图中的应用,阐述ADS80数字航空影像用于全数字立体测图的方法及工艺流程,以及不同于一般的全数字立体测图的坐标转换和建立立体模型程序,对测图过程中容易出现的问题进行分析并提出解决方法。     

流域干旱对淡水湖泊湿地生态系统的影响机制

在气候变化和人类活动的双重影响下,一些湿地严重退化。其中,流域干旱问题是导致湿地退化的重要原因之一。干旱严重制约着湿地的生态水文过程。一方面,干旱通过造成湿地水量亏缺和水分条件改变,来影响湿地生物和生境条件;另一方面,湿地中的生物对干旱具有一定的适应性,通过个体的形态、生理和行为适应等来避免干旱造成的伤害;同时,这一过程还伴随着生物种群的数量、密度、生物量、分布以及群落的组成、数量、生物量、分布等特征的变化;最终干旱对湿地的影响将体现在湿地规模、构成、格局和功能的变化上。在理论上,干旱作为一种扰动对提高湿地生态系统的耐旱性有一定积极影响,但由于缺少长期的湿地恢复过程研究,这一学术观点并未被广泛认知;长时间的严重干旱则会对湿地生态系统产生不可逆转的影响,导致其退化、消失。     

Analysis of mass concentration of atmospheric particulate matter in a sandstorm course and its affecting factors in the Taklimakan Desert

During the course of a major sandstorm from April 17 to April 23, 2008 in the Taklimakan Desert, data pertaining to the mass concentrations of different-sized atmospheric particulate matter were observed continuously with Grimm 1.108, Thermo RP 1400a, TSP, and CAWS-600 instruments. The results showed that: (1) during the entire sandstorm process there were some differences between the daily mean particle concentration peaks and the hourly mean particle concentration peaks because the actual sandstorm lasted for only about 4 hr, whereas more particles were accumulated in the floating dust days before and after the actual sandstorm; (2) the intensity of the sandstorm was enhanced with the increase of wind speed, and this was related to the peak mass concentrations of atmospheric particulate matter; the wind speed directly affected the concentration of atmospheric particulate matter: the higher the wind speed, the higher the mass concentration (>0.23 μm was 39,496.5 μg/m³, and >20.0 μm was 5,390.7 μg/m³); (3) the concentration changes of PM₁₀ and TSP were also related to the course and intensity of the sandstorm; and (4) the mass concentration of atmospheric particulate matter had the following sequence during the dust weather: clear day < floating dust < floating and blowing dust < sandstorm. Temperature, relative humidity, and barometric pressure are important factors affecting the strength of storms, which could also indirectly affect the concentration change of atmospheric particulate matter.     

黄土高原东缘晚全新世高精度高分辨率石笋古环境记录

基于山西武乡太行龙洞一支石笋5个230Th年龄和190个氧同位素数据重建4 400~150 a B.P.高分辨率δ18O序列。石笋δ18O值逐渐增加,除最近约600 a外,在千年尺度长期趋势变化上与中国南部其它洞穴记录相一致,表明晚全新世亚洲夏季风强度持续减弱响应于同一驱动机制。一次显著的气候突变事件发生在2 550~2 000 aB.P.,与史料记载的干旱期大致相对应。功率谱分析揭示出106 a周期,与树轮Δ14C太阳活动周期大体一致,说明百年尺度上太阳活动与东亚季风变化有一定关联性。     

京津冀都市区经济分布演化及作用机制模拟研究

利用kernel密度估计方法考察了京津冀都市区1995-2007年经济分布演化过程,在此基础上,引入经济增长分布模拟模型进一步模拟研究了其经济增长驱动力的作用效应。研究发现:①京津冀都市区经济增长分布形态经历了"双峰状"→"单峰状"→"双峰状"的演化过程。②资本深化、技术效率、技术进步和空间依赖效应对京津冀都市区经济增长起显著作用。③资本深化和技术效率对京津冀都市区经济增长分布演化起重要作用,而技术进步、空间外溢效应和误差分布效应则没有显著的作用。④资本深化分布的变化和技术效率综合作用效应的变化是影响京津冀都市区经济分布演化的驱动力,并通过资本深化的分布效应和技术效率的综合作用效应这两个渠道对其经济分布演化产生影响。⑤对京津冀都市区经济增长起作用的因素不一定能够影响到其经济分布的演化,基于分解技术的经济增长分布模拟模型,并利用理论分布和实际分布差异性的统计检验可以识别真正影响其经济分布演化的因素及其作用渠道。     

库姆塔格沙漠春季近地面风场、温度场特征

 利用中尺度区域预报模式系统对库姆塔格沙漠及其周边地区春季近地层风场与温度场分布特征进行了模拟和分析。结果发现,受青藏高原地形影响,偏北气流向南运行在途经库姆塔格沙漠的过程中发生3个分支:①在沙漠东部气流逐渐转变为西北风吹向甘肃省;②中西部气流以较强的东北风流向塔克拉玛干沙漠;③另一部分气流继续顺势南下流入青海省。沙漠区域温度从北向南逐渐降低,在青海省的边界上出现一个低温带,然后温度又开始增加。     

科尔沁沙地2000-2008年农业生产技术效率研究——以通辽市各旗县为例

 基于数据包络分析方法对通辽市各旗县2000—2008年农业生产技术效率进行综合评价。结果表明:①通辽市农业生产技术效率整体上较低,但呈逐年上升的趋势。②通辽市各旗县农业生产技术效率的时空差异明显,霍林郭勒和开鲁县的农业生产技术效率表现为先降低后上升;库伦旗和科尔沁左翼中旗农业生产技术效率表现为持续上升;科尔沁左翼后旗、扎鲁特旗和奈曼旗的农业生产技术效率表现为随时间呈现一定波动性;各旗县中奈曼旗年均效率最高。③通辽市农业生产技术效率主要受投入冗余影响,各旗县均存在降水冗余,反映出当地农业生产投入的盲目性。降水的波动性和不确定性导致灌溉用水、耕地面积投入过多,进而影响了各旗县农业生产技术效率。不同旗县在不同年份的投入冗余有所差异,显示农民应对降水变动的措施也具有一定盲目性。建议针对气候的不确定性对农业生产的干扰展开研究,改进农业生产技术。     

Application of a simple binary mixing model to the reconstruction of lead pollution sources in two Mississippi River floodplain lakes

A simple binary mixing model is used to determine the isotopic ratios of lead (Pb) pollution sources to a lake located near a smelter closed because of excessive Pb aerosols (Horseshoe Lake Madison County, Illinois, USA). As a control, we also examine a relatively unpolluted lake in a rural area of Southern Illinois (Horseshoe Lake Alexander County). Sediment cores were taken from both lakes and analyzed for Pb and Pb isotopes by ICP-MS. The mixing model shows that Madison County Horseshoe Lake had 3 different sources of Pb in its history. The first source is sediment from the Mississippi River with an intermediate ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb ratio (1.223 ± 0.009) which dominates inputs in pre-settlement times. From 1750 to 1933, the source of pollution Pb has the high ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb ratio (1.256 ± 0.005) characteristic of ore from the southeast Missouri Pb mines. The most recently deposited pollution Pb comes from a source with a low ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb ratio (1.202 ± 0.005). This source is similar in isotopic composition to pollution Pb found by several other investigators in the Eastern US and probably represents the mixture of ores used in modern industrial processes. It is unclear from the isotopic composition whether this source at Horseshoe Lake is the local Pb smelter or vehicle exhaust. The sediment core from Horseshoe Lake, Alexander County, shows a less variable isotopic composition. The binary mixing model showed a source composition of 1.225 ± 0.003 before 1850 and 1.231 ± 0.003 after this date. The change does not indicate a pollution source, but may be a shift in the sources of natural sediment with slightly different isotopic ratios to the lake. Our results show the value of simple binary mixing models to reconstruct the isotopic composition of Pb sources to lakes.     

基于EA-SD模型的生态农业系统模拟与优化调控——以平凉市崆峒区为例

以甘肃省平凉市崆峒区生态农业系统为例,基于农业产业链的物质、能量流动机理,运用Vensim软件建立生态农业系统动力学分析模型(EA-SD)。量化分析和模拟了生态农业发展的综合效益及其演变趋势。经模拟,按照现在的发展模式不变,系统不但存在牛粪尿污染等负效应,而且随着肉牛年屠宰量的快速上涨,未来崆峒区可能出现肉牛数量锐减,制沼产业、有机农业衰落,整个系统难以持续发展的情况。根据模拟结果,论文制定了系统优化调控政策,并模拟了优化后系统的发展情景。结果显示,优化能够消除系统缺陷和负效应,提升综合正效应,增强系统的可持续发展能力。本研究的模型及调控过程能够为类似的生态经济系统优化研究提供借鉴和参考。