浅析自动站飑的观测

1引言飑在《地面气象观测规范》中只作客观描述,实际工作中,可能会出现判断不准而造成漏记、误记现象。目前大部分测站处于人工站与自动站并轨运行阶段,仍然保存全部人工自记仪器,自动站单轨运行后,有可能要取消部分自记仪器,会对飑的观测产生一定的影响,尤其是夜间不守班的测站,极易造成飑的漏测。从统计历史资料着手,结合多年的观测经验,整理出以下要点,供大家在实际工作中参考。2飑的成因飑是因为飑线系统过境,在测站发生的风向突变,风力突增,其它气象要素突变的现象。飑线是由若干个雷雨云单体排列形成一条狭长的雷暴云带,并伴有雷雨、…     

Dextral‐Slip Thrust Faulting and Seismic Events of the Ms 8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake,Longmenshan Mountains,Eastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau

Abstract: Dextral-slip thrust movement of the Songpan-Garzê terrain over the Sichuan block caused the Ms 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake of May 12, 2008 and offset the Central Longmenshan Fault (CLF) along a distance of ~250 km. Displacement along the CLF changes from Yingxiu to Qingchuan. The total oblique slip of up to 7.6 m in Yingxiu near the epicenter of the earthquake, decreases northeastward to 5.3 m, 6.6 m, 4.4 m, 2.5 m and 1.1 m in Hongkou, Beichuan, Pingtong, Nanba and Qingchuan, respectively. This offset apparently occurred during a sequence of four reported seismic events, EQ1–EQ4, which were identified by seismic inversion of the source mechanism. These events occurred in rapid succession as the fault break propagated northeastward during the earthquake. Variations in the plunge of slickensides along the CLF appear to match these events. The Mw 7.5 EQ1 event occurred during the first 0–10 s along the Yingxiu-Hongkou section of the CLF and is characterized by 1.7 m vertical slip and vertical slickensides. The Mw 8.0 EQ2 event, which occurred during the next 10–42 s along the Yingxiu-Yanziyan section of the CLF, is marked by major dextral-slip with minor thrust and slickensides plunging 25°–35° southwestward. The Mw 7.5 EQ3 event occurred during the following 42–60 s and resulted in dextral-slip and slickensides plunging 10° southwestward in Beichuan and plunging 73° southwestward in Hongkou. The Mw 7.7 EQ4 event, which occurred during the final 60–95 s along the Beichuan-Qingchuan section of the CLF, is characterized by nearly equal values of dextral and vertical slips with slickensides plunging 45°–50° southwestward. These seismic events match and evidently controlled the concentrations of landslide dams caused by the Wenchuan earthquake in Longmenshan Mountains.     

横向沙丘气流平均速度变化规律的风洞模拟

在沙丘动力系统中,存在沙丘形态、气流、沙粒运移三者之间复杂的相互作用。通过风洞实验的方法,针对不同形态的6组横向沙丘模型,采用粒子图像测速系统,测量了模型沙丘周围气流水平速度和垂直速度的变化规律。实验结果表明,横向沙丘迎风坡水平气流存在1.28～1.89之间的加速率,垂直气流存在上扬趋势,这二者均有随沙丘迎风坡坡度增大而增大的趋势。在横向沙丘背风坡,由于气流的分离,水平气流速度减小并出现反向,其大小约为自由风速的17％;垂直气流速度存在下沉趋势,其最大沉速出现在气流重附点附近;背风坡气流速度的变化受沙丘迎风坡坡度影响较小,受自由风速的影响较大。沙丘对气流速度的改变在近地层较为显著,随着高度的增加地形影响逐渐减小。     

WITSEG集沙仪:风洞用多路集沙仪

风沙流通量廓线(风沙流结构)是以不同轨迹运动的沙粒在垂直方向上的宏观反映。建立风沙流通量廓线函数需要测定不同高度的输沙率。为此,我们设计了适用于风洞实验的多路集沙仪(WITSEG集沙仪),并通过风洞实验对其进行了检验。WITSEG集沙仪高60 cm,由60个进沙口和集沙盒组成,每个进沙口高1 cm。该集沙仪可以测量风沙流中60个不同高度的输沙率。在设计WITSEG集沙仪时,着重实用性和集沙效率。为了使用方便,带有进沙口的入口段、集沙盒和保护盖板设计为活动式。为了提高集沙效率,入口段设计成楔形,使得进沙口宽0.5 cm,而集沙盒宽度为1.5 cm。每个集沙盒留有两个过滤网排气孔,以减小集沙盒内的静压、提高采集效率。风洞实验检验表明,用WITSEG集沙仪测得的风沙流结构和总输沙率与风速的关系与已广泛接受的结论非常一致。WITSEG集沙仪能观测输沙率随高度的详细变化,是研究风沙流结构的较好工具。     

基于帕默尔干旱指数的中国春季区域干旱特征比较研究

利用全国515个站(1957-2000年)气象资料,修正计算帕默尔干旱指数(Palmer drought severy index),进行干旱区划和研究春季区域演变特征.结果表明:中国干旱变化全区一致性程度低,干旱演变的区域差别大,存在着以内蒙古高原、南岭、华北北部及长白山脉、长江中下游、黄土高原、黄淮地区、天山北部、东北平原、河西走廊、云贵高原、塔里木盆地、青藏高原等为代表的12个干旱特征区.内蒙古高原区、华北北部及长白山脉区、黄土高原区、天山北部区域、东北平原区、河西走廊及其沙漠戈壁区春季干旱指数趋势变化呈下降趋势.南岭区、长江中下游区、黄淮区域、云贵高原区、塔里木盆地区、青藏高原区春季干旱指数趋势变化呈上升趋势.中国春季干旱指数大多存在5～8年的短周期年际周期变化,12～13年、15～16年的长周年际周期变化存在于部分区域,个别区域还存在20年长周期年际周期变化.中国干旱的区域特征差别显著.     

应用泉水均衡法分析四川省兴文县新坝水库岩溶渗漏问题

岩溶地区水库渗漏是碳酸盐岩地区兴建水利枢纽的主要工程地质问题之一,尤其是在可溶岩广布、岩溶发育强烈、地形复杂地区。拟建兴文县新坝水库地处岩溶地区,存在岩溶渗漏的可能性。通过对该水库库区地质概况、岩溶水系统进行分析研究,论证了水库潜在的三条岩溶渗漏途径均不会发生渗漏;并利用库区降雨量与泉流量进行水均衡计算,计算结果进一步论证了该水库不存在岩溶渗漏问题。     

一个典型的雷电散击案例调查及应对措施

2008年7月31日~8月1日,四川省内江市经历了一次强雷暴天气过程,在内江市东兴区气象局办公楼发生了怪异的雷电散击现象,通过调查和分析对防雷措施进行了改进。     

微微型浮游植物的生态学研究进展

自1979年聚球藻(Synechococcus)被发现以来,对以前为人们知之甚少的微微型(粒径<2μm)、超微型(粒径<5μm)浮游植物的研究逐渐形成并日益发展起来,并成为当前海洋生态学研究的热点之一。到目前为止,这类广布于各种水体中的微小生物可分为聚球藻、原绿球藻(Prochlorococcus)和微微型真核浮游植物(eukaryotic picophyPlankton)3大类。     

An Overview of BCC Climate System Model Development and Application for Climate Change Studies

This paper reviews recent progress in the development of the Beijing Climate Center Climate System Model(BCC-CSM) and its four component models(atmosphere,land surface,ocean,and sea ice).Two recent versions are described:BCC-CSM1.1 with coarse resolution(approximately 2.8125°×2.8125°) and BCC-CSM1.1(m) with moderate resolution(approximately 1.125°×1.125°).Both versions are fully coupled climate-carbon cycle models that simulate the global terrestrial and oceanic carbon cycles and include dynamic vegetation.Both models well simulate the concentration and temporal evolution of atmospheric CO_2 during the 20th century with anthropogenic CO2 emissions prescribed.Simulations using these two versions of the BCC-CSM model have been contributed to the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase five(CMIP5) in support of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report(AR5).These simulations are available for use by both national and international communities for investigating global climate change and for future climate projections.Simulations of the 20th century climate using BCC-CSMl.l and BCC-CSMl.l(m) are presented and validated,with particular focus on the spatial pattern and seasonal evolution of precipitation and surface air temperature on global and continental scales.Simulations of climate during the last millennium and projections of climate change during the next century are also presented and discussed.Both BCC-CSMl.l and BCC-CSMl.l(m) perform well when compared with other CMIP5 models.Preliminary analyses indicate that the higher resolution in BCC-CSM1.1(m) improves the simulation of mean climate relative to BCC-CSMl.l,particularly on regional scales.     

日照和降水对青岛近海海域浒苔影响的分析

基于2008-2010年浒苔发生的事实,着重分析研究了日照时数和降水量对浒苔生消的影响。分析表明,5月上旬浒苔生成时,其发生地附近江苏近岸平均日照时数85.2h,比常年偏多14.7h;6月下旬浒苔覆盖青岛海域的面积一般在400～800km2,影响较明显,此时青岛平均日照时数74.3h,比常年偏多8.2h,表明日照充足,光合作用加强,适合浒苔生长繁殖。5月中旬江苏近岸降水量39.6mm,比常年偏多13.7mm,加快了浒苔生长发育;青岛近海浒苔大面积发生时,降水量是由5月中旬29.8mm转为6月下旬8.7mm(光照充足),再到7月上旬63.0mm,呈从偏多到偏少再到偏多交替出现。降水偏多促进了浒苔大发生。