2014年AGU秋季大会与震磁研究进展

概述了2014年12月15~19日在美国旧金山召开的美国地球物理联合会(AGU)秋季大会,充分展示了此次大会上震磁研究的的新进展与新成果,讨论并展望了今后的发展前景。震磁研究是地震预测探索的一个重要方面,研究结果显示,局部地区岩石圈磁异常变化含有震磁前兆信息,是研讨与预测区域地震活动性的重要依据。     

CSAMT法和高密度电法探测地下水资源

我国乃至世界目前都面临着严重的水资源的短缺，利用新技术、新方法合理勘探开发并利用水资源，是经济腾飞的关键。本文概述了CSAMT方法和近几年来发展起来的高密度电阻率找水方法，列举了两种方法应用的的实例。实践表明这两种方法是水资源勘查的有效手段。     

A New TanSat XCO_2 Global Product towards Climate Studies

The 1st Chinese carbon dioxide(CO2)monitoring satellite mission,TanSat,was launched in 2016.The 1st TanSat global map of CO2 dry-air mixing ratio(XCO2)measurements over land was released as version 1 data product with an accuracy of 2.11 ppmv(parts per million by volume).In this paper,we introduce a new(version 2)TanSat global XCO2 product that is approached by the Institute of Atmospheric Physics Carbon dioxide retrieval Algorithm for Satellite remote sensing(IAPCAS),and the European Space Agency(ESA)Climate Change Initiative plus(CCI+)TanSat XCO2 product by University of Leicester Full Physics(UoL-FP)retrieval algorithm.The correction of the measurement spectrum improves the accuracy(?0.08 ppmv)and precision(1.47 ppmv)of the new retrieval,which provides opportunity for further application in global carbon flux studies in the future.Inter-comparison between the two retrievals indicates a good agreement,with a standard deviation of 1.28 ppmv and a bias of?0.35 ppmv.     

相似误差订正方法在风电短期风速预报中的应用研究

为降低风电场短期预报风速误差,减少风电场短期风功率偏差积分电量,提高风电场发电功率预测准确率,分季节研究了相似误差订正方法对ECMWF单台风机预报风速的订正效果.结果表明:相似误差订正后不同风机预报风速的误差差距减小;预报风速的平均绝对偏差和均方根误差明显降低,其中夏季和秋季华能义岗风电场两个指标降低幅度均超过0.1 ...     

基于全景相机数据的嫦娥四号着陆区次级坑统计分析

玉兔二号月球车在嫦娥四号着陆区发现了许多坑缘呈破碎石块状的小型撞击坑,其直径大多在亚米级,过去对于这种小尺度撞击坑的研究大多源于Apollo、Surveyor、Ranger系列任务,然而当时获取的影像质量较低,且并未覆盖月球背面.小尺度撞击坑在月球表面分布十分广泛,与月球最表层的演化密切相关,因此对其展开研究具有重要的...     

Experimental Crystallization of a High-K Arc Basalt: the Golden Pumice, Stromboli Volcano (Italy)

The near-liquidus crystallization of a high-K basalt (PST-9golden pumice, 49·4 wt % SiO₂, 1·85 wt % K₂O,7·96 wt % MgO) from the present-day activity of Stromboli(Aeolian Islands, Italy) has been experimentally investigatedbetween 1050 and 1175°C, at pressures from 50 to 400 MPa,for melt H₂O concentrations between 1·2 and 5·5wt % and NNO ranging from –0·07 to +2·32.A drop-quench device was systematically used. AuPd alloys wereused as containers in most cases, resulting in an average Feloss of 13% for the 34 charges studied. Major crystallizingphases include clinopyroxene, olivine and plagioclase. Fe–Tioxide was encountered in a few charges. Clinopyroxene is theliquidus phase at 400 MPa down to at least 200 MPa, followedby olivine and plagioclase. The compositions of all major phasesand glass vary systematically with the proportion of crystals.Ca in clinopyroxene sensitively depends on the H₂O concentrationof the coexisting melt, and clinopyroxene Mg-number shows aweak negative correlation with NNO. The experimental data allowthe liquidus surface of PST-9 to be defined. When used in combinationwith melt inclusion data, a consistent set of pre-eruptive pressures(100–270 MPa), temperatures (1140–1160°C) andmelt H₂O concentrations is obtained. Near-liquidus phase equilibriaand clinopyroxene Ca contents require melt H₂O concentrations<2·7–3·6 and 3 ± 1 wt %, respectively,overlapping with the maximum frequency of glass inclusion data(2·5–2·7 wt % H₂O). For olivine to crystallizeclose to the liquidus, pressures close to 200 MPa are needed.Redox conditions around NNO = +0·5 are inferred fromclinopyroxene compositions. The determined pre-eruptive parametersrefer to the storage region of golden pumice melts, which islocated at a depth of around 7·5 km, within the metamorphicarc crust. Golden pumice melts ascending from their storagezone along an adiabat will not experience crystallization ontheir way to the surface. KEY WORDS: basalt; pumice; experiment; phase equilibria; Stromboli     

华北平原鲁北地区地下水超采导致地面沉降区域特征及演化趋势预测

鲁北地区作为华北平原地面沉降的重要组成部分,其地面沉降问题日趋严重。以滨州博兴县为工程背景,基于研究区详细水文地质与工程地质资料以及历年地面沉降监测数据,系统分析该地区地下水动态分布及地面沉降分布演化特征。以Biot多孔介质固结理论为基础,建立博兴县地面沉降三维流-固耦合数值模型,还原地面沉降发展过程并预测分析不同地下水开采方案下的沉降演化规律。研究结果表明:博兴县浅层地下水位降幅呈现南大北小特点,深层地下水形成了以县城区为中心的椭圆形地下水区域降落漏斗;地面逐渐形成了分别以博兴县城区、湖滨镇和店子镇为沉降中心的三个小型沉降区,且有相互关联扩展的趋势;地面沉降三维流固耦合模型较为理想还原了研究区地面沉降发展过程,预测在现状地下水开采方案下未来10年内地面沉降仍以较大速率继续发展,累计沉降量超500mm的区域面积不断扩大,当减小20%现状地下水开采量时是较为合理有效的开采方案。     

东北地区主要矿山环境地质问题

东北地区是我国重要的矿业基地,矿山环境地质问题极为突出.从矿山环境地质问题表现形式上将其划分为土地资源破坏、环境污染和地质灾害3个类型.防治矿山环境地质问题应采用新技术、新方法、科学监测、建立地质灾害信息系统,制定矿区生态重建方案,倡导"绿色矿业".     

Stratigraphic organization and predictability of mixed coarse‐grained and fine‐grained successions in an upper slope Pleistocene turbidite system of the Peri‐Adriatic basin

The early Pleistocene clastic succession of the Peri‐Adriatic basin, eastern central Italy, records the filling of a series of piggyback sub‐basins that formed in response to the development of the eastward‐verging Apennine fold‐thrust belt. During the Gelasian (2·588 to 1·806 Ma), large volumes of Apennine‐derived sediments were routed to these basins through a number of slope turbidite systems. Using a comprehensive outcrop‐based dataset, the current study documents the depositional processes, stratigraphic organization, foraminiferal age and palaeodepth, and stratigraphic evolution of one of these systems exposed in the surroundings of the Castignano village. Analysis of foraminiferal assemblages consistently indicates Gelasian deposition in upper bathyal water depths. Sediments exposed in the study area can be broken into seven main lithofacies, reflecting specific gravity‐induced depositional elements and slope background deposition: (i) clast‐supported conglomerates (conglomerate channel‐fill); (ii) amalgamated sandstones (late stage sandstone channel‐fill); (iii) medium to thick‐bedded tabular sandstones (frontal splay sandstones); (iv) thin to thick‐bedded channelized sandstones (sandy channel‐fill); (v) medium to very thin‐bedded sandstones and mudstones (levée‐overbank deposits); (vi) pebbly mudstones and chaotic beds (mudstone‐rich mass‐transport deposits); and (vii) massive mudstones (hemipelagic deposits). Individual lithofacies combine vertically and laterally to form decametre‐scale, disconformably bounded, fining‐upward lithofacies successions that, in turn, stack to form slope valley fills bounded by deeply incised erosion surfaces. A hierarchical approach to the physical stratigraphy of the slope system indicates that it has evolved through multiple cycles of waxing then waning flow energy at multiple scales and that its packaging can be described in terms of a six‐fold hierarchy of architectural elements and bounding surfaces. In this scheme, the whole system (sixth‐order element) is comprised of three distinct fifth‐order stratigraphic cycles (valley fills), which define sixth‐order initiation, growth and retreat phases of slope deposition, respectively; they are separated by discrete periods of entrenchment that generated erosional valleys interpreted to record fifth‐order initiation phases. Backfilling of individual valleys progressed through deposition of two vertically stacked lithofacies successions (fourth‐order elements), which record fifth‐order growth and retreat phases. Fourth‐order initiation phases are represented by erosional surfaces bounding lithofacies successions. The component lithofacies (third‐order element) record fourth‐order growth and retreat phases. Map trends of erosional valleys and palaeocurrent indicators converge to indicate that the sea floor bathymetric expression of a developing thrust‐related anticline markedly influenced the downslope transport direction of gravity currents and was sufficient to cause a major diversion of the turbidite system around the growing structure. This field‐based study permits the development of a sedimentological model that predicts the evolutionary style of mixed coarse‐grained and fine‐grained turbidite slope systems, the internal distribution of reservoir and non‐reservoir lithofacies within them, and has the potential to serve as an analogue for seismic or outcrop‐based studies of slope valley fills developed in actively deforming structural settings and under severe icehouse regimes.     

大兴安岭中南段区域成矿规律初步研究

大兴安岭中南段是我国北方重要的铜多金属成矿集中区。文章对大兴安岭中南段的区域成矿地质背景、矿床时空分布规律、矿床分布与构造一岩浆活动及地层的关系、矿床类型等进行了系统的总结。将区内铜多金属矿床划分为5个成矿系列,对每一个成矿系列的成矿特征进行了简要归纳。最后,探讨了大兴安岭中南段的区域成矿作用。