日本虎斑猛水蚤在抑食金球藻中存活、发育和繁殖的实验研究

抑食金球藻(Aureococus anophagefferens)可以形成褐潮, 并对贝类、浮游动物等多种生物均能造成不利影响。为进一步探究抑食金球藻对浮游动物的影响, 本文以日本虎斑猛水蚤(Tigriopus japonicus)为实验生物, 研究抑食金球藻对日本虎斑猛水蚤摄食、存活、生长发育以及繁殖的影响。日本虎斑猛水蚤具有易于在实验室培养、生长周期短、雌雄异体等优点, 是海洋毒性污染物检测的模式生物。实验利用高效液相色谱分析方法, 在日本虎斑猛水蚤体内色素中检测到了抑食金球藻的特征色素19’-丁酰氧基岩藻黄素(But-fuco), 表明日本虎斑猛水蚤能够摄食抑食金球藻。当微藻生物量(相对碳含量)分别同为0.7 μg/mL和7.2 μg/mL时, 在抑食金球藻中无节幼体发育至桡足幼体及成体的存活率均高于以青岛大扁藻为饵料的对照组, 但无显著差异, 并且在前者中无节幼体的发育时间显著低于后者, 12 d内雌体的产卵次数与产卵量显著高于后者。结果表明, 日本虎斑猛水蚤在抑食金球藻中能进行正常的生命活动, 并且是首次报导的一种能够在抑食金球藻中正常摄食、生存、生长发育和繁殖的浮游动物。因此, 当褐潮发生时, 由于贝类幼体等生物会受到显著的不利影响, 日本虎斑猛水蚤等抗性较强的生物可能会成为优势种, 从而会影响浮游动物群落结构的组成, 进而可能会使整个海洋生态系统发生变化。本研究有助于全面了解褐潮对海洋生态系统的影响。     

生态地球化学预测预警若干问题探讨

回顾了生态地球化学危害效应的作用机理,提出了区域地球化学调查-地球化学环境监测-机理研究相结合的生态地球化学预测预警基本思路。根据当前中国多目标区域地球化学调查和生态地球化学评价工作的现状,举例说明了土壤重金属元素累积、土壤环境变化、生态效应机理的若干研究方法,提出了预测预警成果体现的若干建议。     

Multi-scale Characteristics and Comprehensive Evaluation of Precipitation Heterogeneity in Guangxi

Aiming at the uneven spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation and frequent occurrence of drought and waterlogging disasters in Guangxi, the multi-scale characteristics and comprehensive evaluation of precipitation heterogeneity can provide scientific support for regional response to drought and waterlogging disasters and intelligent management of water resources. Based on the daily precipitation data of 87 grid points from 1961 to 2017 in Guangxi, the Precipitation Concentration Degree (PCD) and Precipitation Concentration Period (PCP) index were used to build day, pentad, ten days, month, season precipitation heterogeneity of multiple time scale level evaluation system. By using R/S analysis and geographical spatial analysis methods, the space-time evolution characteristics and climate division in Guangxi were discussed. The study showed that the spatial and temporal variation characteristics of PCD and PCP at the diurnal, synoptic and monthly scales were relatively consistent, and the heterogeneity of precipitation in Guangxi could be better expressed than that at the monthly and seasonal scales. The diachronic change of PCD in precipitation in Guangxi shows an increasing trend in northeast China and a decreasing trend in southwest China, and the trend of its future period is the same as the diachronic evolution. The spatial distribution of PCD in Guangxi has significant spatial autocorrelation and stratification heterogeneity, which are mainly reflected in the mean value, coefficient of variation and frequency of PCD. The comprehensive heterogeneity of precipitation in Guangxi is highly dispersed in the northeast, highly concentrated in the south, and slightly concentrated or dispersed in the northwest and central regions. The time-scale within a month is the best scale to express the non-uniformity of precipitation in Guangxi. If the advantages of more stable climatic and ten-day scales and more fine daily scales are taken into account, the use of climatic scale for daily sliding calculation and analysis will be the best way.     

华北板块东南缘徐淮推覆-褶皱带的物理模拟

徐淮地区发育一系列推覆-褶皱带,以皇藏峪背斜为界,区域剖面分为具有明显构造差异的东部、西部构造带,其中东部构造带样式主要表现为斜歪褶皱,西部构造带为一系列逆冲推覆构造,构造变形强烈。采用物理模拟手段对徐淮推覆-褶皱带构造的控制因素进行实验研究,选取硅胶、微玻璃珠模拟不同性质滑脱层,石英砂模拟沉积脆性盖层,改变盖层与基底摩擦力、滑脱层深度变化等控制因素。模拟结果表明,剖面上滑脱层性质及深度变化控制区域剖面构造的强弱变化。皇藏峪背斜以东主要以新元古界青白口系泥灰岩充当滑脱层,滑脱层深度大,构造样式主要表现为斜歪褶皱;皇藏峪背斜以西则以寒武系页岩为滑脱层,滑脱层深度小,构造样式主要表现为逆冲推覆构造。     

水合物地层低热固井水泥浆用相变微胶囊的制备及应用

当深海固井遇到天然气水合物地层时,由于水泥浆水化放热,导致水合物的相变平衡条件发生改变,诱发水合物分解,引起二界面胶结质量下降等问题。为提高水合物地层固井质量,可向水泥浆中添加具有吸热控温作用的相变微胶囊,可有效降低固井水泥浆的水化升温。基于此,以配比石蜡为控温芯材、碳酸钙为壁材,利用自组装法制备了一种使用于深水水合物地层固井水泥浆控温微胶囊。由于固井水泥浆在达到水合物地层的过程中,外界温度环境复杂,单一相变温度的控温芯材极易失效。为扩展控温区间,选用切片石蜡与白油作为混合芯材,控温区间达到14.8~39.8 ℃。研究表明,该微胶囊表观形态良好、彼此无团聚,在热循环过程中,不易发生泄漏。与水泥浆复配后,对水泥浆流变性能无明显影响。在低掺加量时,微胶囊主要起降低水泥浆峰值温度的效果,并提升水泥石整体力学强度;高掺加量时,微胶囊既可以有效降低水泥浆峰值温度,也可以明显地延缓水泥浆放热速率。     

西藏班戈县东嘎花岗岩体特征及锡找矿前景分析

东嘎花岗岩体位于冈底斯一念青唐古拉板片北缘、班公错一怒江结合带中段班戈一崩错板片。岩体时代为燕山晚期,属印度一欧亚板块碰撞造山构造环境。岩石属富钠、硅铝过饱和类型,该岩体位于斑戈一嘉黎一波密一察隅锡成矿远景带内,岩浆分异程度高,具有S型花岗岩体的典型特征,与滇西、川西含锡花岗岩体特征相似,成矿条件有利。区域化探资料显示锡异常明显,异常为Sn、Rb、Y、u、Nb、Ag、w、Th、Pb等多元素组合。sn元素的强度高、规模大。据区域地质、岩石化学及地球化学特征及区域成矿资料,东嘎花岗岩体具有良好的锡成矿前景。     

佛坪自然保护区植物群落物种多样性与海拔梯度的关系

用多元统计分析方法研究了佛坪自然保护区植物群落多种性及群落各生长型多样性特征沿海拔梯度的变化。结果表明：1）植物群落的Shannon指数与Simpson指数及物种丰富度与海拔梯度均呈显著负相关关系;2）乔木层的物种多样性沿海拔梯度的变化则体现了“中国高度膨胀”的规律,即中等海拔高度上多样性高而低海拔和高海拔多样性较低;3）灌木层丰富度指数在1600-1700m之间有个很不明显的峰值,而其它4个指标沿海拔呈单调的下降趋势;4）草本层植物多样性呈先降后升的趋势,在中等海拔高度较低。     

珠江三角洲丘陵赤红壤开发中的问题与可持续利用

丘陵赤红壤是珠江三角洲社会经济发展的重要土壤资源,但是长期以来的人为干扰和不合理利用使土壤性能退化,生态环境恶化,严重影响了丘陵赤红壤的可持续利用。文中总结了丘陵赤红壤的基本特性及利用现状,探讨其生态环境重建及实现可持续利用的途径。认为丘陵赤红壤面临的主要问题有:水土流失、养分贫瘠、表土砂质化、土壤结构退化、土壤水分性能退化、酸雨和重金属造成的污染等。指出实现其可持续利用的途径主要有:加强水土流失的治理;培育土壤肥力,调节土壤水分;增加生物多样性,建立良好的生态结构;防治"三废"污染,使用清洁能源;发展绿色农业与观光农业。     

图们江地区水环境容量及其对区域开发的影响研究

以ＣＯＤ为控制指标,计算了图们江地区５条河流逐月环境容量以及污水达标排放时的允许污水排放量。结果表明,各月环境容量分配极不均匀,丰水期２个月约占５０％,而长达５个月的枯水期环境容量很小,不足全年的１０％;即使以１９９５年污水排放量衡量,污水达标排放时,枯水期图们江干流等５条河流控制断面水质也达不到指定功能水质标准,已无环境容量可利用。因此,河流水环境容量已成为制约图们江地区开发的主要因素,为了确保     

Spatio-temporal distribution of Konosirus punctatus spawning and nursing ground in the South Yellow Sea

In recent years, Konosirus punctatus has accounted for a large portion in catch composition and become important economic species in the South Yellow Sea. However, the distribution of K. punctatus early life stages is still poorly understood. In this study, generalized additive models with Tweedie distribution were used to analyze the relationships between K. punctatus ichthyoplankton and environmental factors(longitude and latitude, sea surface temperature(SST), sea surface salinity(SSS) and depth), and predict distribution K. punctatus spawning ground and nursing ground, based on samplings collected in 6 months during 2014–2017. The results showed that K. punctatus' spawning ground were mainly distributed in central and north study area(from 33.0°N to 37.0°N).By comparison, the nursing ground shifted southward, which were approximately located along central and south coast of study area(from 31.7°N to 35.5°N). The optimal models identified that suitable SST, SSS and depth for eggs were 19–26°C, 25–30 and 9–23 m, respectively. The suitable SSS for larvae were 29–31. The K. punctatus spawning habit might have changed in the past decades, which was a response to increasing SST and fishing pressure. That needs to be proved in further study. The study provides references of conservation and exploitation for K. punctatus.