Study on characteristics and regeneration rules of Salix gordejevii in Hunshandak Sandland, China

Salix gordejevii, a species of dune-fixing pioneer shrub in the Hunshandak Sandland in China, plays a vital role in maintenance and improvement of the local ecological environment. Salix gordejevii has an r-type reproductive countermeasure, which means it produces large quantities of seeds that have a high germination rate but relatively low seedling viability. Our research on the seed regeneration and sprouting regeneration characteristics of Salix gordejevii shows that its sprouting regeneration process is more productive and efficient than its seed regeneration process. At the same time, growth of Salix gordejevii would decline when the drifting sand dune was fixed. To assess its sprouting regeneration process, we analyzed the number, length, and diameter of new shoots under different cutting treatments, and found significant differences based on various cutting heights and different cutting times (April vs. October). We conclude that cutting measures which take advantage of this species’ robust sprout tillering can increase the biomass of this shrub and also can improve its canopy density and its forage properties for livestock grazing, with the added benefits of improved sand-fixing and prevention of wind erosion.     

Human-induced change in sedimentary trace metals and phosphorus in Chaohu Lake,China, over the past half-millennium

We present a sedimentary geochemical record of human perturbation in the watershed and related changes in trace metals (Cr, Ni, Zn and Pb), phosphorus and abundant rock-forming elements (Al, Fe, K, Mg, etc.) in Chaohu Lake over the past 500 years, a period spanning historical agricultural expansion and modern economic development. The record exhibited a stable terrestrial detrital input to Chaohu Lake before ca. 1540 AD, a period with less human perturbation of the watershed, which resulted in low and constant values of trace metals and phosphorus (TP) concentrations as well as Al, Fe, K, Mg, fine silt (<16 μm), the chemical index of alteration (CIA) and K/Na ratio. Two periods of successive marked increases in Al, Fe, K, Mg, fine silt, chemical index of alteration (CIA) and K/Na ratio occurred after ca. 1540 AD and 1950 AD. The former period apparently resulted from enhanced well-weathered topsoil erosion in the watershed related to the expansion of arable land, and the latter resulted from further enhancement of human perturbation in the watershed during the modern period. Concentrations of trace metals and TP were positively correlated with that of the rock-forming elements and fine silt. Trace metal pollution was limited during 1540–1950 AD, according to the low enrichment factors (EFs = 0.8–1.1), when an increase in trace metal concentrations was also linked to changes in detrital input. In addition to detrital regulation, pollution also contributed to an increase in TP concentrations (average EF 1.4) during 1540–1950 AD and the average accumulation rate of anthropogenic phosphorus was 87.3 mg m⁻² a⁻¹. Anthropogenic phosphorus increased further and Pb and Zn pollution also occurred after 1950 AD, reaching maximum values after 1980 AD, when the average accumulation rates of anthropogenic Zn, Pb and phosphorus (mainly in the form of NaOH-P) were 242.2, 43.3 and 811.8 mg m⁻² a⁻¹, respectively. The increase in phosphorus pollution in recent decades is probably from the domestic sewage sources of Hefei City and non-point sources related to agricultural utilization of commercial fertilizer, whereas Zn and Pb pollution is probably derived mainly from industrial sources of Hefei City, as deduced from their spatial variations in the sediments of the river mouths.     

Soil CO2 efflux, carbon dynamics, and change in thermal conditions from contrasting clear-cut sites during natural restoration and uncut larch forests in northeastern China

With the implementation of the Chinese Natural Forest Conservation Program (NFCP) in 1998, over millions of hectares of forest in northeastern China have been protected through natural restoration (closure of hills). The impact of this program on the carbon budget of soil has not been evaluated until now. This paper presents results from a 6-year study of total CO₂ efflux from both soil and litter (R _total), CO₂ flux from soil (R _soil), soil organic matter (SOM), soil microbe density, and litter input and root biomass at an uncut larch (Larix gmelinii) forest and at a natural restoration site. The natural restoration area is a clear-cut site that was formerly part of a continuous portion of the uncut larch forest. Our objectives were to: (1) quantify the magnitude of CO₂ efflux from typical sites in northeastern China; (2) explore the changes in thermal conditions, SOM, and annual CO₂ flux during the 6-year natural restoration, and (3) evaluate the impact of NFCP on soil carbon processes. The annual R _soil at the clear-cut site (58.6–68.2 mol m^???2 year^???1) was 113.6–228.4% (mean 141.5%) higher than that at the uncut larch site (29.6–58.4 mol m^???2 year^???1). At the same time, annual CO₂ from litter at the clear-cut site (2.0–14.2 mol m^???2 year^???1) was only 23.5–84.5% (mean 52.5%) of that at the uncut larch site (5.4–16.8 mol m^???2 year^???1). SOM at the surface layer of the clear-cut site was 75% of that at the uncut larch site, but the soil microbial biomass (carbon) at the clear-cut site was much higher than that at the larch site (p?<?0.05). The percentage of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes also were largely different between both sites. Natural restoration at the clear-cut site strongly affected thermal conditions. Although the soil temperature (T _soil) and effective accumulated $T_{\rm soil} > 0^{\circ}$ C at the clear-cut site was much higher, the temperature sensitivity (Q ₁₀) was much lower than that at the uncut larch site, and their differences decreased linearly from 2001 to 2006 (p?<?0.05). Moreover, Q ₁₀ at the clear-cut site significantly increased with the progress of natural restoration, which diminished the Q ₁₀ difference between the two sites (slope?=???0.2792, r ²?=?0.4744, p?<?0.05). These data imply that the NFCP natural restoration process has positively recovered the thermal condition of the clear-cut site to the level of uncut larch forest during the 6-year period. However, linear regression analysis showed that the 6-year natural restoration only slightly affected the annual soil CO₂ efflux and SOM at both sites, and also did not diminish the differences between the two sites (p?>?0.10), indicating that a much longer time is necessary to restore the soil carbon in the clear-cut site.     

需水量预测方法研究

需水量预测的方法有很多种,但每种方法的预测结果都具有误差。在分析了回归分析法以及灰色系统GM（1,1）法的优缺点及其适用情况后,针对其缺点提出了相应的权重方法,对两种方法的预测结果进行了加权处理,并以郑州市为例进行了实例分析,分析结果表明,处理后的结果减小了预测的误差。     

UPS应急电源在气象部门的使用及维护

结合气象部门现有探测仪器设备特点,论述了目前在用UPS电源的工作原理和使用分类,总结出UPS应急电源的现状和保障工作的特点,分析系统工作原理,针对各类故障现象进行有效的判别和处理,并根据多年工作经验,重点提出UPS应急电源设备的日常维护和故障处理方法.     

CINRAD/SB雷达回波强度定标调校方法

回波强度定标和调校方法是保障CINRAD/SB回波强度测量精度的关键技术,方法不当会导致回波强度测量误差增大,直接影响雷达定量估测降水产品的可靠性。为了满足回波强度测量误差在±1 dBZ范围内的技术要求,根据雷达气象方程,通过对CINRAD/SB接收机测试通道、主通道、天馈系统相关影响回波强度测量误差的因素进行分析,提出了从接收机动态范围和雷达参数调整、线性通道增益定标目标常数定标,到测试通道参数调整的回波强度定标工作流程。总结出以线性通道增益定标目标常数定标为基准,采用测试通道参数测量法或基准法调校,以保证发射功率和接收机动态范围变化导致的回波强度测量误差得到在线实时校正,提高了CINRAD/SB回波强度测量精度。从接收机测试通道、主通道、天馈系统及发射功率4个方面,给出了回波异常的分析和诊断流程。并提出在接收机保护器前端增加机外信号注入口和定标信号功率检测功能,以利于机内外回波强度定标对比校准和消除测试通道参数变化导致回波强度测量误差的建议。     

砖木、砖石结构建筑闪电分流系数研究

随着经济的发展,我国对高层建筑,以及智能建筑物的防雷很重视,具体的防雷措施也做的很到位.但相对于一些古建筑物来说,特别是砖木,砖石结构建筑,在防雷方面却没有引起足够的重视,现阶段能够大量保存的砖木、砖石结构建筑大部分都是具有重要历史、艺术、科学价值的革命遗址、纪念建筑物、古文化遗址、古城址、古窑址、古墓葬、古建筑、石窟寺、古民居、石刻等文物,因此对这些建筑的防雷措施应该更加重视.本文做了关于砖木、砖石结构建筑闪电分流系数研究,仅供参考,希望对砖木、砖石建筑物雷电防护工作起到一定的作用.     

浅析油气卸放时静电的成因和预防措施

通过某油库卸油时发生燃烧爆炸的原因分析,指出静电形成的原因和危害,根据静电形成的原因,指出在装卸油气时应注意控制装卸速度、做好防静电接地并留足静电泄放时间,保证工作安全。     

1959-2003年中国天山积雪的变化

Mcteorological data at 17 weather stations in the Tianshan Mountains from 1959 to 2003 were analyzed to explore the variations in temperature and snow cover.The abrupt change test for snow depth was performed using Mann-Kendall statistic.The spatial distribution of maximum snow depth was calculated by employing GIDS interpolation and DEM data.The results show that mean temperature in winter had a rising trend at a rate of 0.44℃/10a.The minimum temperature in winter increased more evidently at a rate of 0.79℃/10a.The maximum snow depth has obviously deepened at a rate of 1.15 cm/10 a in the past 45 years,and it was about 16% higher than the average during 1991-2003.The Mann-Kendall statistic test of snow depth indicates that the abrupt change occurred in 1976.The maximum increment for snow cover depth occurred in Zhaoshu(Kunes)(39.3%)and Nilka(39.7%)in the west Tiansban Mountains.In contrast,the snow cover depth reduced by 17% in Barkol in the east Tianshan Mountains.There was a primary change periodicity of about 2.8 years in snow cover.In addition,snow cover days with a depth more than 10 cm increased distinctly,however,there was no obvious advance or delay in snow beginning and ending dates.     

L波段测风雷达的选址、天线架设及标定

介绍了L波段气象测风雷达场地选址时对遮挡角的要求、对天线底座的要求、天线与值班室距离,天线装置系统架设的技术要求,通电前的检查及雷达的标定.