云南兰坪金顶铅锌矿区土壤中Pb分布特征

采用连续提取法测定兰坪金顶铅锌矿区土壤中Pb的形态含量,通过地统计方法分析污染物的空间分布、化学形态变化特征,结果表明金顶矿区土壤中Pb大范围严重超标,按照国家土壤环境质量标准(Ⅲ级),Pb的中位值超标1.77倍,平均值超标约19倍。插值分布图显示Pb的污染及形态分布受矿体空间展布、地形变化、矿业活动、地表径流等的影响,其中水溶态Pb受植被和水系影响更大。土壤中Pb形态含量依次为残渣态>碳酸盐态>活性铁锰态>有机结合态>离子交换态>水溶态,环境有效态(水溶态、离子交换态与碳酸盐态之和)含量比较高,对兰坪矿区及沘江流域具有潜在的巨大危害     

MESOSCALE CONVECTIVE SYSTEMS DURING 20-23 JUNE 2002 REVEALED BY SATELLITE OBSERVATION

The 20-23 June 2002 mesoscale convective systems,which produced heavy rainfalls over the middle and lower reaches of the Changjiang River Basin,are studied using satellite imagery, satellite products and conventional sounding data. Results demonstrate that the torrential rain was caused by three MαCSs (Meso-a scale Convective System) and some MβCS (Meso-β-scale Convective System) activities in succession. The TBB (black-body temperature) analysis depicts that several meso-β-scale cloud clusters and convective cells were embedded and alternately developed within an MαCS.As the strongest convection gradually decreased,the cold TBB area expanded quickly in hours before dissipation. However,the heavy rainfall occurred in MαCS developing and maturing stages.And the minimum TBB fluctuation matched well to the precipitation trend with the lower TBB for the heavier rainfall. A kind of favorable synoptic environment for MαCS genesis and activities could be described as follows.The West Pacific subtropical high is stable with its western ridge reaching to the west region of South China.To its south and west sides,there is the robust ITCZ (Intertropical Convergence Zone),the active Indian-Bengal monsoon cloud surges carry warm and moist air by low-level jet (LLJ) to mid-latitudes where a frontal zone existed for days,meanwhile a 500 hPa short-wave trough moved eastward.At the upper troposphere,the southeasterly divergent flow dominates the environment due to the South-Asian high enhancing and moving eastward,and a monsoon water vapor plume (WVP) is stretched from the Bay of Bengal to the Changjiang River Basin.With a certain favorable configuration including a monsoon WVP,a frontal cloud system,a shortwave trough cloud system,and monsoon cloud clusters,MαCSs could initiate and develop successively in the same region.     

沙尘暴同一化监测模型与灾害评估研究

阐述了将GIS/RS(地理信息系统/遥感)一体化技术应用在沙尘暴灾害的监测与评估工作中的方法,提出利用不同遥感数据源建立同一化的沙尘暴监测模型的方法,将沙尘暴监测由定性研究转变为定量特征参数计算.引入GIS技术建立了可业务使用的沙尘灾害评估模型,通过对下垫面数据的集成与叠合分析,可以快速、机动、准确、可靠和多层次进行沙尘暴的灾后评估.     

Influence of soil minerals on chromium(VI) reduction by sulfide under anoxic conditions

The effects of soil minerals on chromate (Cr^VIO₄ ^2-, noted as Cr(VI)) reduction by sulfide were investigated in the pH range of 7.67 to 9.07 under the anoxic condition. The examined minerals included montmorillonite (Swy-2), illite (IMt-2), kaolinite (KGa-2), aluminum oxide (γ-Al₂O₃), titanium oxide (TiO₂, P-25, primarily anatase), and silica (SiO₂). Based on their effects on Cr(VI) reduction, these minerals were categorized into three groups: (i) minerals catalyzing Cr(VI) reduction – illite; (ii) minerals with no effect – Al₂O₃; and (iii) minerals inhibiting Cr(VI) reduction- kaolinite, montmorillonite, SiO₂ and TiO₂ . The catalysis of illite was attributed primarily to the low concentration of iron solubilized from the mineral, which could accelerate Cr(VI) reduction by shuttling electrons from sulfide to Cr(VI). Additionally, elemental sulfur produced as the primary product of sulfide oxidation could further catalyze Cr(VI) reduction in the heterogeneous system. Previous studies have shown that adsorption of sulfide onto elemental sulfur nanoparticles could greatly increase sulfide reactivity towards Cr(VI) reduction. Consequently, the observed rate constant, k _obs, increased with increasing amounts of both iron solubilized from illite and elemental sulfur produced during the reaction. The catalysis of iron, however, was found to be blocked by phenanthroline, a strong complexing agent for ferrous iron. In this case, the overall reaction rate at the initial stage of reaction was pseudo first order with respect to Cr(VI), i.e., the reaction kinetics was similar to that in the homogeneous system, because elemental sulfur exerted no effect at the initial stage prior to accumulation of elemental sulfur nanoparticles. In the suspension of kaolinite, which belonged to group (iii), an inhibitive effect to Cr(VI) reduction was observed and subsequently examined in more details. The inhibition was due to the sorption of elemental sulfur onto kaolinite, which reduced or completely eliminated the catalytic effect of elemental sulfur, depending on kaolinite concentration. This was consistent with the observation that the catalysis of externally added elemental sulfur (50 μM) on Cr(VI) reduction would disappear with a kaolinite concentration of more than 5.0 g/L. In kaolinite suspension, the overall reaction rate law was:

松辽流域水资源现状与地下水开发利用分析

松辽流域是我国北方水资源紧缺的地区之一,1994～2001年整个流域的年均降水量为6052 13×108m3,水资源总量1931 11×108m3,其中地表水资源量1668 81×108m3,地下水资源量637 16×108m3,地表水与地下水的水资源重复计算量374 86×108m3。松辽流域人均、亩均水资源量分别为全国平均水平的70%和34%。基于流域水均衡的观点,从降水、地表水、地下水和水资源总量四个方面分析了松辽流域水资源现状及其特点,并对1994～2001年流域供水、用水组成及其变化特征进行了分析,给出水资源的时空展布规律与社会经济布局不相匹配、地下水在总供水量中所占比例越来越大的结论,进一步对地下水开发利用中存在的水环境问题及其成因进行了探讨。     

复杂电性结构大地电磁二维响应特征

为了改进计算区域离散化问题,本文利用自适应非结构化网格有限单元法求解二维地电结构下大地电磁场满足的加权余量表达式。在有限元求解电磁场的过程中,网格剖分越精细、计算精度越高,计算量也会越大。此外,结构化网格难以适应任意地形以及复杂地质构造。而自适应非结构化网格在电性变化剧烈的区域会自动加密,在电性缓变的区域则生成粗疏的网格,从而优化网格质量与数量。因此,文中引入COMSOL Multiphysics软件,以实现若干地电模型的构建及非结构化自由四边形单元网格化。将网格数据信息导入本文算法,计算大地电磁场响应,并与解析解及数值解对比。结果表明,基于非结构化网格的正演模拟精度高、适应性强,为计算区域网格化提供了新的方法。     

桂北兴安奥陶纪至志留纪初笔石序列的再研究

桂北兴安发育有一套奥陶系至志留系底部的含笔石浅变质的碎屑岩地层,自下而上可分成3个岩石地层单元,即升坪组(下部),黄隘组(中部)和田岭口组(上部)。这些地层的笔石自下而上可分为奥陶系Corymbograp-tus cf.balticus层,Expansograptus hirundo带,Exigraptus clavus-Undulograptus austrodentatus带,Didymogra-ptus artus带,Dicellograptus sextans带,Leptograptus flaccidus trentonensis层,Dicellograptus elegans层,Dicel-lograptus ornatus带,Appendispinograptus venustus层及志留系底部的Neodiplograptus modestus层。     

水文地质条件对页岩气开采控制

通过对比页岩气定压开采与承压水定降深开采的相似性,建立起二者指标之间的对应关系;借鉴美国页岩储层典型参数及Barnnet页岩年产量变化规律,从水文地质的角度,建立起水文地质概念模型;利用GMS软件,对页岩气开采进行数值模拟。从模型结果看,11个拟合值中,6个相对误差在5%之内,4个在10%之内,只有一个接近20%,拟合结果较为理想。说明用水文地质方法研究页岩气开采是合理的;也表明开采过程中页岩气产量由游离气和吸附气组成,当游离气开采完毕后,产量主要由吸附气维持,解吸气还有再吸附现象。当盖层开启程度由微裂缝区的25%,50%,75%到100%依次增加时,开采年限按6 a,4 a,2 a,1 a依次减少;不同开启程度下,相同开采年的开采量也依次降低;在每种开启程度下,年产量与原来的年产量的比值也依次降低。任何侧向边界若出现断层,不论其开启程度为微裂缝区的25%,50%,75%还是100%,均达不到定压开采条件。从敏感分析可知,当页岩压裂达到一定程度时,页岩气的析出对页岩气产量影响是最关键的。最后对页岩气开采提出相应的建议。     

西藏东部三叠纪弧内盆地层序地层形成机制

江达弧内盆地位于西藏东部,现今被厚约10000m的三叠系所覆盖,三叠纪时该区以海相沉积为主,并以巨厚浊积岩与频繁火山活动形成的钙碱性系性系列弧火山岩为特征。在露头剖面上,识别出10个三级层序。这些层序共经历了37Ma的时间演化,估算每个层序平均所占时限为3.7Ma。研究认为层序形成的主控因素应是构造-火山、沉积物补给与海平面升降三者之间相互作用过程的响应,其中构造与弧火山作用起决定作用。