长距离顶管工程施工测量控制技术

针对某饮水顶管工程顶进距离长、精度要求高的特点,根据顶管工程实际需要选择测量控制手段.采用分阶段的综合测量方法,取得了良好的测量控制效果,采用的措施可为类似工程提供经验.     

浅谈西部测图项目制图数据的质量控制

国家西部测图工程中地形地物测绘与地图制印的生产是一项集管理和技术于一体的综合性的工作。对西部测图项目制图数据的特性进行分析,针对西部测图项目制图数据在实际生产中的质量控制的关键技术环节,提出在制图数据生产过程中实施质量控制的内容和方法。     

合成孔径雷达测图技术在西部测图中的应用

合成孔径雷达遥感作为一种新的对地观测技术手段,在西部测图中有效地解决了光学影像在困难地区因云雾、冰雪、阴影等遮蔽所产生的地形要素缺失问题。结合雷达影像立体测图的生产实践,介绍雷达影像在横断山脉区域地形测图的实际应用,重点阐述基于雷达影像的测图方法及工艺。     

GIS数据采集与数字化测绘

GIS数据与地图数据本身是2种不同的地理空间数据,其采集方法和内容也不尽相同。深入研究GIS数据采集与数字化测绘在工作对象、工作目的、工作内容、工作难点、应用技术、选取和抽象的原则、精度要求以及数据组织与管理方法等方面的异同之处,这对当前广泛开展的地理信息工程,尤其是GIS数据采集工作具有重要的指导作用。     

华北地区小震精定位及构造意义

收集了华北地区2001年10月-2009年9月发生在该区内的7 519次地震事件被166个数字化地震台站记录到的74181条P波和74465条S波到时资料,采用双差定位法对这些小震进行了重新定位,最终得到了5 511次小震的定位结果.结果表明,重新定位后的结果较好地改进了原定位的精度.从平面上来看,重新定位后的小震更加...     

Holocene peatland development along the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau

Knowledge of peatland initiation, accumulation, and decline or cessation is critical in understanding peatland development and the related carbon source/sink effect. In this study, we investigated the development of three peat profiles along the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau (ETP) and compared the results with those of our previous work along this transect. Our work showed that the initiation over the northern ETP is later and the slowdown/cessation earlier than in the middle to southern ETP. The timing of optimum peatland formation over the northern ETP lags the Holocene climatic optimum. These spatio-temporal differences are likely to be related to the intensity of Asian summer monsoon. Our work suggests that some peatlands along the ETP transect have returned or are now returning their previously captured carbon to the atmosphere and thus act as carbon sources. Some peatlands still have net accumulation at present, but the rates have been reduced concomitant with the decreasing summer monsoon intensity. We speculate that more of the previously stored carbon in the ETP peatlands will be re-emitted to the atmosphere if the aridity continues, as might occur under a continuous global-warming scenario.     

基于优化-模拟技术的生态库容

为发挥水库在水资源开发利用与河流生态环境问题之间的协调作用,以丹江口水库为例,探讨了综合利用水库生态库容划分方法。以丹江口水库下游襄阳和仙桃为控制断面,采用Tennant法计算下游河道生态流量的参考值。在考虑丹江口水库的防洪、生态、供水、调水、发电、航运等综合任务和汉江中下游水量联系的基础上,建立了综合利用水库的生态库容优化模型,拟定了4组调度规则,应用自适应遗传算法和模拟调度方法进行求解。计算结果表明:设置生态库容后的调度图能较好地满足控制断面对生态流量的需求,获得较佳综合利用效益。     

雅鲁藏布江缝合带西段基性岩地球化学和Sr-Nd-Pb同位素特征：新特提斯洋内俯冲的证据

提要：普兰蛇绿岩位于雅鲁藏布江缝合带西段,面积约650 km2,主要由方辉橄榄岩、含单辉方辉橄榄岩和透镜状纯橄岩组成,缺失堆晶岩和枕状熔岩等洋壳端元。方辉橄榄岩中普遍发育辉绿岩和辉石岩脉,地幔橄榄岩上部被块状玄武岩、玄武质火山碎屑岩、粉砂质泥岩、硅质岩和硅质灰岩覆盖。辉绿岩低K、Ti,球粒陨石标准化REE配分曲线具有N-MORB特征,富集LILE（K、Sr、Rb）,亏损HFSE（U、Th、Nb）,(143Nd/144Nd)t=0.512904~0.512909,εNd(t)=+8.6~+8.7,(87Sr/86Sr)t=0.704893~0.705310,显示俯冲带弧后盆地环境的特征。对比前人研究,认为雅鲁藏布江缝合带普遍存在洋内俯冲作用,但开始俯冲的时间不同：雅鲁藏布江缝合带中西段开始于早白垩世,而东段开始于中侏罗世。     

Lab-scale performance of selected expandable clays under HLW repository conditions

Smectite clay has been proposed for embedding canisters with highly radioactive waste in deep repositories because of its isolating capacity. Montmorillonite-rich bentonite is a premier buffer candidate for many national organizations that are responsible for disposal of such waste. Experience from the use of drilling mud at large depths indicates that other smectite clay minerals are more stable chemically and saponite is one of them. The physical properties of smectitic mixed-layer minerals like Friedland clay are known to be less sensitive to high salt contents and such clay may also be a buffer candidate. Montmorillonite-rich MX-80 clay, Greek saponite with a minor amount of palygorskite, and Friedland clay were investigated in hydrothermal tests with dense samples confined in oedometers with 95 °C temperature at one end, which was made of copper, and 35 °C at the other, for 8 weeks. A 1 % CaCl₂ solution was circulated through a filter at the cold end. At the end of the tests, the samples were sliced into three parts, which were tested with respect to expandability, hydraulic conductivity, and chemical composition. The tests showed that while the saponite was hardly changed at all and did not take up any copper, MX-80 underwent substantial changes in physical performance and adsorbed significant amounts of copper. The Friedland clay sample was intermediate in both respects.     

Soil erosion monitoring and its implication in a limestone land suffering from rocky desertification in the Huajiang Canyon, Guizhou, Southwest China

Over the past decades, the vast limestone mountain areas in southwestern China have suffered greatly from karst rocky desertification (KRD), which is a unique type of desertification caused by irrational land-use practices and has drawn increasing attention of international academic community. Characterizing soil erosion in this region is the key to understanding the escalating KRD problem and finding solution to it. The authors applied leveling method to study soil erosion process in the Huajiang Karst Canyon area between 1999 and 2003, and tried to relate it to KRD expansion. The monitoring data indicate that soil in the study area was losing at an alarming rate, which is much higher than soil formation rate and has already resulted in severe KRD problem. Soil loss under different land-use conditions varied greatly during the monitoring period. The highest soil erosion rate occurred in bare and newly abandoned cropland, followed by sparse grass land, forest land, and dense grass land. In addition, soil erosion could be significantly different under different micro-topographic conditions. Because soil erosion rate in the studied karst mountain areas is surprisingly high, it is urgent to take quick actions to fight against the ongoing KRD problems in Southwest China before an irreversible situation occurs. However, the traditional way to combat KRD by abandoning current cropland needs to be carefully reconsidered, since a bare newly abandoned cropland may suffer more from rapid soil loss than before.