Late-Stage Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Health Care Access in Illinois∗

The variations of breast cancer mortality rates from place to place reflect both underlying differences in breast cancer prevalence and differences in diagnosis and treatment that affect the risk of death. This article examines the role of access to health care in explaining the variation of late-stage diagnosis of breast cancer. We use cancer registry data for the state of Illinois by zip code to investigate spatial variation in late diagnosis. Geographic information systems and spatial analysis methods are used to create detailed measures of spatial access to health care such as convenience of visiting primary care physicians and travel time from the nearest mammography facility. The effects of spatial access, in combination with the influences of socioeconomic factors, on late-stage breast cancer diagnosis are assessed using statistical methods. The results suggest that for breast cancer, poor geographical access to primary health care significantly increases the risk of late diagnosis for persons living outside the city of Chicago. Disadvantaged population groups including those with low income and racial and ethnic minorities tend to experience high rates of late diagnosis. In Illinois, poor spatial access to primary health care is more strongly associated with late diagnosis than is spatial access to mammography. This suggests the importance of primary care physicians as gatekeepers in early breast cancer detection.     

激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱微区分析 进展评述

激光剥蚀电感耦合(LA-ICP-MS)等离子体以其高空间分辨率、高灵敏度、多元素同时测定并可提供同位素比值信息的检测能力在原位微区分析中已得到广泛应用。现从仪器的发展、基础研究等方面评述了近年来LA-ICP-MS微区分析的进展,重点介绍了与等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)联用的激光器(纳秒和飞秒激光器)的发展、校正方法、分馏效应及其在地球科学微量元素、同位素、包裹体分析中的应用。并简要地阐述了LA-ICP-MS分析技术存在的局限和发展趋势。     

关注地质分析文献,了解分析技术发展——地质分析技术应用类评述论文评介

地质分析技术产生的数据是进行地质科学研究和矿产资源、地质环境评价的重要基础,是发展国土资源地质调查事业和地球科学的重要技术支撑。中国地质事业已经得到了空前的发展,地质分析文献迅速增加,迫切需要对文献进行整理、加工、综合、评价。为了解当前中国地质分析技术在各领域的应用状况和获得的成果,对国内科研人员20年来发表的地质分析应用类评述性论文作一评介,内容联系当今全球地质分析技术发展的新趋势,主要包括标准物质与标准方法,岩石矿物分析,地球化学调查(区域地球化学、多目标地球化学和生态地球化学调查)、地球化学填图样品分析,海洋地质样品分析,现场分析,贵金属分析,化学物相与元素形态分析,水分析,能源矿产和环境样品分析,稳定同位素和同位素地质年代学技术与应用10项分析技术领域取得的研究成果。阐述了国内地质分析技术新应用领域的进展、动态和发展前景。     

浅议植被与地层的关系及其地质意义——以大雪山矿段为例

大雪山矿段各地层岩性不同,其地表生长的植被种类不同且具有明显的分带性.分析认为导致这种差别的主要原因是:不同的地层岩性风化后的土壤酸碱性不一,而不同植物喜好不同酸碱度的土壤,从而形成不同地层分布的植被种类不同     

福建连城赖源溶洞化学沉积类型及成因

赖源山间盆地西南缘上村一带出露二叠系船山组、棲霞组石灰岩,发育幽琴洞、仙云洞等溶洞组成的溶洞群,溶洞内岩溶发育系统完整,重力水沉积、非重力水沉积、混合水流协同沉积、叠置沉积的化学沉积物类型齐全。其数量繁多的莲盆笋、莲盆柱、卷曲状石枝,规模庞大的细纹边石坝为福建其他溶洞所罕见。赖源溶洞保存完好、景观优美的钟乳石是研究洞穴不同环境及流态水流化学沉积的良好地质遗迹,也是溶洞旅游的宝贵资源。     

Evolution of In Situ Rock Mass Damage Induced by Mechanical–Thermal Loading

To understand and predict the in situ brittle rock mass damage process induced by a coupled thermo-mechanical loading, the knowledge of rock mass yielding strength, scaling relationship between laboratory and in situ and microstructure characterization is required. Difficulties have been recognized due to the seldom availability of in situ experiment and appropriate numerical methodologies. The Äspö Pillar Stability Experiment was used to monitor the evolution of rock mass damage in a pillar of rock separating two 1.75-m diameter vertical boreholes. The loading of the pillar was controlled using the in situ stresses, excavation geometry, and locally increasing the rock temperature. The induced loading resulted in a complex discontinuum process that involved fracture initiation, propagation, interaction and buckling, all dominated by a tensile mechanism. Tracking this damage process was carried out in two steps. Initially, a three-dimensional numerical model was used to generate the stresses from the excavation geometry and thermal loading. The plane strain stresses, at selected locations where detailed displacement monitoring was available, were then used to track the evolution of damage caused by these induced stresses. The grain-based discrete element modeling approach described in Lan et al. (2010), which captures the grain scale heterogeneity of the rock, was used to establish the extent of damage. Good agreement was found between the predicted and measured temperatures and displacements. The grain-based model provided new insights into the progressive failure process.     

灵山县花岗岩风化壳表土层的渗水试验

灵山县花岗岩风化壳表层土中的细粒部分(粉粒、粘粒)和粗粒部分(砾砂、粗砂)含量较多,而中粒部分(中砂、细砂)含量较少。其表层土的渗水试验结果表明,该表层土的渗透系数普遍偏高,在滑坡地段更甚。此外,滑坡地段的渗透曲线(渗透速度与时间的关系曲线)还呈较大幅度的震荡现象,这与稳定地段的渗水曲线有明显的区别。分析认为:稳定斜坡段渗透系数的普遍偏高不仅与花岗岩风化壳表层土的颗粒级配有关,也与斜坡卸荷产生的拉张裂隙、降雨冲刷等多重因素有关;而滑坡地段渗透曲线呈现的剧变震荡则反映了在渗水试验过程中,表土中的大空隙不时地被冲刷下来的细粒短暂地堵塞,后又因细粒软化被冲蚀下坠,渗水通道再次疏通的反复过程。     

鲜水河断裂带跨断层形变中短期强震预测指标研究

通过对鲜水河断裂带跨断层短水准、短基线资料的分析研究,系统地提取测区内外5.5级以上地震前跨断层形变前兆异常特征,并作详细的整理、分析,综合得出监测区及附近中短期强震预测指标及预报方法。其结果显示:跨断层形变观测资料大多在震前1～3年出现异常,其异常表现形式以断层活动停滞、反向、突跳为主,震前半年左右异常发育至最高,临震前有明显回落,其前兆意义较为明确;水平形变测量的预测成功率高于垂直形变测量。     

设置粘滞阻尼器的钢框架防连续性倒塌分析

为了研究设置有粘滞阻尼器的减震钢框架结构的防连续倒塌性能,对设置阻尼器的减震钢框架和未设置阻尼器的原钢框架分别进行了地震弹塑性时程分析,比较了两种情况下的层间位移角.分析结果表明,地震作用下,与原结构相比减震结构的层间位移角最大降低了64.3％.接着采用瞬时加载法对底层各柱失效时的减震钢框架和不设置阻尼器的原钢框架分别进行了动力倒塌分析,比较了减震结构和原结构防连续倒塌的能力,分析结果表明,底层柱失效时,减震结构各柱端点处位移均比原结构降低,最大处降低了63.5％.因此减震结构的阻尼器对结构防连续倒塌能起到较大的作用.