宇宙射线中子法土壤水分监测在不同生态系统雨季的适用性

宇宙射线中子法是目前测量中尺度土壤水分的一种新兴方法,通过监测近地表附近中子的数量来监测土壤含水率,理论探测深度12～76 cm。为了评估宇宙射线中子法土壤水分监测在草地、农田和林地3种不同生态系统测量深度适用性和对降水的敏感性。本研究分析了中国气象局自动土壤水分站观测数据和遥感土壤水分监测数据与宇宙射线中子法土壤水分监测数据差异性和相关性。结果显示,宇宙射线中子法土壤水分监测草地0～20 cm效果最优,农田和林地0～30 cm最优;在农田和林地生态系统土壤水分监测结果与自动土壤水分站点差异较小,优于遥感监测;但对于草地生态系统,宇宙射线中子法土壤水分监测结果与遥感监测结果差异比单点自动土壤水分站点监测更小,可能与草地土壤的强异质性有关。宇宙射线中子法土壤水分监测在草地、农田和林地生态系统均可以敏感的响应降水事件,较点尺度自动土壤水分站更易捕捉到区域水分的波动性变化。     

L g Coda Q Variation across the Myanmar Arc and its Neighboring Regions

Regional seismograms were collected to image the lateral variations of L _g coda Q at 1 Hz (Q ₀ ) and its frequency dependence η across Burma and its neighboring regions. The data include 660 vertical-component traces recorded at 39 stations. The resulting image indicates that L _g coda Q, at a frequency of 1 Hz, varies between 100 and 500. Lowest Q values (< 200) lie in the Three rivers (the Jinshajiang River, Nujiang River, and Lancangjiang River) area of Southwest China. Relatively low Q values (200–250) are found in the Himalayan region and the eastern Burma highland. Higher L _g coda Q values (> 250) are found in the eastern Indian block. From the L _g coda Q tomography, we found that (1) The Sagain fault acts as a rough boundary between the eastern Indian plate and the Three rivers area of the Eurasia plate; (2) near the eastern Himalayan syntaxis, higher Q value appears in the background of relatively low Q (which may be the consequence of the northward intrusion of the Assam block of the Indian plate into the southern Qinghai-Tibet plateau.     

Slope runoff study in situ using rainfall simulator in mountainous area of North China

Simulated rainfall is a valid tool to examine the runoff generation on the slope.13 simulated rainfall experiments with different rainfall intensities and durations are completed in a 5 m ×10 m experimental plot in mountainous area of North China.Simultaneously,rainfall,surface runoff,soil-layer flow,mantel-layer flow and soil moisture are monitored respectively.From the results,it is found that the hydrographs in all layers have the characteristics of rapid rise and fall.The recessions of surface flow and soil-layer flow are much faster than that of mantel-layer flow.Surface flow,the main contributor,makes up more than 60% of the total runoff in the study area.It even exceeds 90% in the cases of high intensity rainfall events.Runoff coefficient(ratio of total runoff to rainfall amount) is mainly influenced by rainfall amount,rainfall intensity and antecedent soil moisture,and the relationship can be well expressed by a multiple linear regression function α = 0.002P + 0.182i + 4.88Wa-0.821.The relation between the rainfall intensity and the lag time of three flows(surface runoff,soil-layer flow and mantel-layer flow) is shown to be exponential.Then,the result also shows that the recession constant is 0.75 for surface runoff,is 0.94 for soil-layer and mantel-layer flow in this area.In this study area,the dominant infiltration excess runoff is simulated by Horton model.About 0.10 mm/min percolation is observed under the condition of different rainfall intensities,therefore the value is regarded as the steady infiltration rate of the study area.     

衡水湖国家自然保护区生态敏感性分析

衡水湖自然保护区是华北地区第一个内陆淡水湿地国家级自然保护区,具有独特的自然景观,生物资源十分丰富,但近年来区内的人类活动对其生态环境产生了严重影响。应用生态因子评分方法对保护区进行生态敏感性分析,首先将保护区划分为13个生态单元,依据原则(科学性、代表性、可行性以及定量性等原则)并结合实际选择出评价因子,然后进行各生态单元的自然因素生态敏感性分析和社会因素生态敏感性分析,在此基础上进行保护区的生态敏感性综合分析。依据计算结果,将保护区中各生态单元划分为最敏感区、一般敏感区和弱敏感区3个等级,明确了生态敏感性的区域分异特征,为该区今后合理的产业布局、区域生态环境保护提供了科学依据。     

辽河西部凹陷欢喜岭地区沙河街组三段层序地层与沉积相研究

利用高分辨率层序地层学方法,结合岩芯、测井和地震资料,识别辽河西部凹陷欢喜岭地区各级层序界面,建立地层层序格架,探讨地层格架下沉积相类型、演化规律以及平面展布,并就有利沉积相带分布进行了讨论。结果表明:从钻测井资料看出,层序界面识别标志主要为岩性和颜色发生突变,沉积相类型发生突变,电性特征发生明显变化等;将欢喜岭地区沙河街组划分为6个三级层序,12个四级层序;沙河街组三段发育扇三角洲、湖底扇和湖泊相等沉积相类型,其中,上亚段扇三角洲发育,中亚段广泛发育湖底扇相沉积,下亚段以深湖、滨浅湖相为主,斜坡边缘发育扇三角洲沉积;沙河街组三段中亚段湖底扇相和下亚段扇三角洲相的储集物性最好,为有利沉积相带。     

闽东南沿海老红砂与晚第四纪环境演变

闽东南沿海老红砂发育较典型,分布较广,但迄今对其形成多有不同认识。论文在进行全面野外调查和一系列的室内分析的基础上,认为闽东南沿海的老红砂主要是由风吹扬海滩砂形成的,局部地方还有坡积、冲积等成因,并可划分成６～４．５万ａＢＰ和３～１万ａＢＰ两个相对较集中的形成期。末次冰期寒冷干燥的气候为老红砂的形成提供了有利条件,末次冰期中的亚间冰期和冰后期温暖湿润的古气候环境则有利于其后的固定（红化固结、生草、发育古土壤等）。海面的升降变化在一定程度上控制了老红砂的物源和时空分布     

Geodetic measurement of horizontal strain across the Red River fault near Thac Ba, Vietnam, 1963–1994

Geodetic measurements from 1963 through 1994 are used to estimate horizontal strain rates across the Red River fault near Thac Ba, Vietnam. Whether or not this fault system is currently active is a subject of some debate. By combining: (1) triangulation from 1963, (2) triangulation in 1983, and (3) Global Positioning System (GPS) observations in 1994, horizontal shear strain rates are estimated without imposing any prior information on fixed stations. The estimated rates of shear strain in ten triangular subnetworks surrounding the fault trace are not significantly different from zero at 95% confidence. The maximum rate of dextral shear is less than 0.3 μrad/year in all but one of the triangles. The estimates help bound the slip rate in a simple elastic dislocation model for a locked, vertical strike-slip fault. By assuming a locking depth of 5–20 km, the most likely values for the deep slip rate are between 1 and 5 mm/year of right-lateral motion. These values delimit the 23% confidence interval. At 95% confidence, the slip rate estimate falls between 7 mm/year of left-lateral motion and 15 mm/year of right-lateral motion. Received: 18 November 1997 / Accepted: 28 January 1999     

作物不同生长时段对水分胁迫敏感性分析

本文根据我省1982－1995年的土壤水分实测资料、主要农作物的产量资料及作物生长物候资料,计算得到我省主要旱作物各生长时段作物对水分胁迫的产量响应敏感系数,反映出作物在不同生长期对水分胁迫的敏感程度,结果表明：不同生长时段作物对水分胁迫的敏感度不同,作物干旱程序不能仅凭降水距平确定,需考虑作物对水分胁迫敏感性来修正干旱指标,才能有效对作物干旱实施监测,从而为人工增雨作业时间安排提供更为科学的依据。     

基于激光扫描技术的变电站三维模型的建立

通过利用地面三维激光扫描仪获取的空间数据,进行惠泉变电站三维空间地物建模研究,建立三维仿真模型。通过研究发现,利用三维激光扫描技术可以快速建立三维空间的可视化模型,解决传统的测量仪器与测量方法在变电站等特殊领域的应用不足,为实现变电站资源、景观、安全、环境管理等社会资源的数字化、网络化及动态可视化,提供一个变电站的三维模型平台构建的新方向。     

拉萨地块松多高压变质带不同类型榴辉岩的变质演化过程及其限定方法探讨

拉萨地块中东部松多高压变质带是揭示拉萨地体形成与演化过程的重要研究对象。松多变质带记录了古特提斯洋的俯冲和闭合过程。前人对松多地区出露的榴辉岩及围岩开展了大量的岩石学工作,但变质峰期温压条件没有得到很好的限定,温压分布范围较广,且变质演化过程仍存争议。笔者等总结了松多变质带不同地区榴辉岩的岩石学和矿物学特征,汇总了不同计算方法得到的温压条件。通过对比发现,松多高压变质带内榴辉岩的峰期温压条件处于465~880℃,2.5~3.9 GPa的范围,其宽泛的峰期温压条件是由于不同计算方法和折返机制造成的。与传统矿物对温压计相比,变质相平衡模拟方法更适合低温榴辉岩的峰期温压条件及变质过程的限定。