青藏高原积雪的分布特征及其对地面反照率的影响

通过对１９８３年７月至１９９０年６月青藏高原主体５８个格点积雪资料进行ＥＯＦ分析发现，青藏高原主体积雪分布以西部兴都库什山脉。天山山脉以及南部喜马拉雅山脉为主；高原中部唐古拉山脉、北部昆仑山脉和东部巴颜喀拉山脉的积雪相对较少，青藏高原西部、南部的积雪变化与中部、北部和东部的积雪变化趋势存在反位相关系。另外，本文还对积雪对高原地面反照率的影响作了简单分析。     

Study of Metal Distribution in Raw and Screened Swine Manure

The growth of industrial swine production over the last few years has led to a growth in concern over effluents generated by the activity. Several elements, mainly toxic metals, can be present in swine wastewater and can have a serious environmental impact. It is important, therefore, to know the metal concentration before the discharge of wastewater. In this work the temporal metal distribution in swine manure and its potential reduction using coarse (2 mm) and fine (<0.45 μm) liquid‐solid separation techniques were investigated. In order to do this, different swine manure sample preparation methods for Al, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr and Zn determination by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP OES) were tested. The acid mixtures used to digest the manure sample significantly affected the metal recovery. Good analyte recoveries were observed with nitric acid/hydrogen peroxide mixtures or nitric acid/perchloric acid mixtures. Sulfuric acid/hydrogen peroxide mixtures produced inconsistent results and poor recoveries, mainly for Ba and Pb. It was observed that metal concentrations in swine manure varied greatly with time, up to one order of magnitude, due to changes in swine production such as feed and animal numbers. Metals concentrations observed in the raw wastewater exceeded Brazilian limits for discharge into water bodies and recommendations for agricultural use. Results obtained from the liquid‐solid separation study showed that metals in the raw swine manure were not removed with coarse screening. However, the major fraction of metals were removed by filtration (0.45 μm), with the exception of Na, K and Sr. Thus, the use of liquid‐solid separation techniques that capture the fine solid fractions (and associated metals) from raw manure can have a favorable impact on the environment and contribute to swine production wastewater treatment.     

山东省大中型水库浮游生物研究──Ⅰ．浮游动物生态

报道１９８９～１９９０年山东省３０多个大中型代表水库浮游动物的种类组成，种类频级、优势类群。主要种和生物量；统计分析掠食性与植食性浮游动物生物量，浮游动物与浮游植物生物量及浮游动物与代表水库营养状态指标的总磷，透明度和深度的关系。提出浮游动物个体越小，其生物量与水库营养水平关系越密切。     

象山港人工鱼礁投放对大型底栖动物群落结构的影响

为探明人工鱼礁生境中底栖生物群落结构的组成情况,评估人工鱼礁投放的生态修复效果,根据2006—2007年4季象山港全港区以及2010年4季人工鱼礁区和邻近区的调查资料,对比分析了3个不同区域大型底栖动物群落的差异。共鉴定出大型底栖动物116种,其中多毛类46种,软体动物35种,甲壳类18种,棘皮动物6种,其他类11种,各区域大型底栖动物的主要类群均为多毛类和软体动物。大型底栖动物密度、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Margalef丰富度指数表现为邻近区鱼礁区全港区,生物量为鱼礁区邻近区全港区。双因子方差分析结果表明:区域间,大型底栖动物种类数、密度、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数和Margalef丰富度指数均存在显著性差异,生物量无显著性差异;季节间,大型底栖动物种类数和密度存在显著性差异,其余参数均无显著性差异。非度量多维尺度排序分析结果显示,鱼礁区和邻近区的大型底栖动物群落相似度较高,而与全港区的相似度较低。相似性百分比进一步揭示,鱼礁区和邻近区大型底栖动物群落间的平均非相似性为77.19%,不倒翁虫(Sternaspis scutata)为造成群落间差异的重要贡献物种;鱼礁区和全港区群落间的平均非相似性高达91.34%,不倒翁虫、薄云母蛤(Yoldia similis)、纵肋织纹螺(Nassarius variciferus)和洼颚倍棘蛇尾(Amphioplus depressus)为重要贡献物种;邻近区和全港区大型底栖动物群落间的平均非相似性也高达91.47%,不倒翁虫、薄片镜蛤(Dosinia laminata)和薄云母蛤为重要贡献物种。双因素相似性分析结果表明,人工鱼礁区、邻近区和全港区大型底栖动物群落季节间存在显著性差异,但区域间无显著性差异。不同区域两两间检验结果表明,人工鱼礁区和全港区的大型底栖动物群落存在显著性差异,人工鱼礁区和邻近区以及邻近区和全港区均无显著性差异。研究结果表明,象山港白石山群岛海域人工鱼礁的投放对大型底栖动物群落结构影响显著,但影响范围局限于人工鱼礁区附近。     

真三轴试验中的端部摩擦效应分析

端部摩擦效应是三轴试验的常见问题之一。相对于常规三轴试验,由于在茂木式真三轴试验中方形试样4个端部需设置两对端部垫块,从而导致端部摩擦问题更加突出。运用FLAC3D,针对Mohr-Coulomb材料,即无中间主应力影响材料,模拟真三轴加载过程中端部摩擦对试样强度和变形行为的影响。计算结果表明,端部摩擦也可以产生虚假中间主应力效应,即使对于无中间主应力效应材料,中间主应力也会导致最大破坏主应力的增加,且摩擦系数越大,这种趋势则越明显。分析了端部摩擦产生这种趋势的原因,指出了真三轴试验中减小端部摩擦的重要性。     

黄河口近岸海域鱼卵、仔稚鱼种类组成及群落结构特征

为了解调水调沙期间黄河口及邻近海域鱼卵、仔稚鱼群落结构的动态变化,作者分别于2011年和2018年黄河调水调沙期间（6月—7月）,利用大型浮游生物网对该海域的鱼卵、仔稚鱼进行表层水平拖网调查。结果表明：2011年3个航次共采集鱼卵1 280粒,仔稚鱼5 973尾,隶属于7目11科13属;2018年3个航次共采集鱼卵4 104粒,仔稚鱼237尾,隶属于7目11科13属。优势种以斑鰶（Konosirus punctatus）、鳀（Engraulis japonicus）和赤鼻棱鳀（Thryssa kammalensis）等短生命周期、低营养层级的小型中上层鱼类为主。靠近黄河入海口处站位的鱼卵、仔稚鱼密度相对较高,鱼卵、仔稚鱼分布范围向黄河入海口门处集中。鱼卵、仔稚鱼的多样性指数在调水调沙过程中出现波动,过后又恢复至调水调沙前水平。环境因子Pearson相关性分析表明,鱼卵数量与环境因子间无显著相关性（P0.05）,仔稚鱼数量与叶绿素a的含量呈极显著正相关（R=0.870,P<0.01）。两个年度调查结果对比发现,总体来说调查期间黄河口及邻近海域鱼卵、仔稚鱼种类数变化不大,在适温类型组成上均以暖温种为主;2018年鱼卵、仔稚鱼采集数量均小于2011年,但是鱼卵、仔稚鱼的均匀度指数（J’）和多样性指数（H’）均大于2011年,除6月上旬航次外,其他两个航次丰富度指数（D）也均大于2011年。本研究补充了黄河口及邻近海域鱼类早期补充资源的基础数据,旨为黄河口邻近海域及渤海的渔业资源评估和养护提供依据。     

豫西深秋一次典型超级单体风暴的多普勒雷达分析

利用三门峡市多普勒天气雷达资料,分析了2009年10月4日发生在河南渑池县的一次产生冰雹的超级单体风暴的回波结构及演变特征,结果表明:超级单体是在上冷下暖的大尺度环流背景和不稳定层结下产生的;其演变过程经历了生成、发展、成熟、消亡四个阶段;局地生成的弱回波若发展较快,速度场中又有逆风区与之配合,则容易发展成超级单体风暴,应引起高度重视;发展阶段回波强度加速增大,诸如底层钩状回波、有界弱回波区、中气旋等超级单体的典型结构特征开始出现,是发布预警的关键时段,大约可以提前15-30 min;成熟阶段最重要的特征是持续存在的中气旋。超级单体风暴其初始回波出现在4 km左右的中空,具有向上向下迅速发展的特点;最强回波强度大,顶高伸展高;当最强回波底到达地面时意味着冰雹、降水的开始,因而可以通过分析最强回波顶高的演变趋势来确定降雹强弱和时间;VIL可用来判断对流风暴强度,持续高的VIL值可能与超级单体风暴有关。     

固液两相流体中的空泡振荡计算

本文导出了固液两相流体中球空泡的振荡方程,并用数值方法讨论了固体颗粒对它泡运动及泡壁压强的影响,得到了固相浓度、颗粒尺寸等因素与空泡运动之间的定性关系。在分析过程中,考虑了液体与颗粒之间力的双向耦合作用。     

海南省大广坝水电站集水区降水特征及人工增雨潜力分析

本文分析了海南省大广坝水电站集水区降水分布特征并研究了人工增雨的潜力。结果表明,大广坝水电站集水区降水年际差异较大,常年无法满负荷发电,影响了水电站效益的正常发挥。4～7月集水区实施人工增雨的潜力和成云致雨的条件较好,通过人工增雨的手段可以有效提高水电站的发电效益。     

Sm–Nd geochronology and petrography of garnet pyroxene granulites in the northern Sulu region of China and their geotectonic implication

Abundant garnet-bearing granulite lenses are widely distributed in the northern part of the Sulu region and adjacent areas. They are possibly re-metamorphosed high-pressure metamorphic rocks. On the basis of detailed petrographic study, samples WD01, WD04 and ML06 from Laixi and Wendeng were identified as high-pressure granulites, and WH1 from Weihai as an original coesite-bearing eclogite. Three high-pressure granulite samples give mineral-WR isochron ages of 1846±76, 1743±79 and 1752±30 Ma. TDM ages are 3.3, 3.0 and 2.8 Ga. The Sm–Nd mineral-WR isochron ages are interpreted to date as the metamorphic resetting within the medium-pressure granulite facies, representing an isotopic re-homogeneity during uplifting of the high-pressure granulites from deep continent crust. It is important that Sm–Nd chronological characteristics are the same as Archaean high-pressure granulites in the North China craton. However, sample WH1 from Weihai demonstrates abnormal Sm–Nd characteristics. Its whole rock _Nd (0) value is +129. TDM age is 1.3 Ga, and constrains the minimum age of re-metamorphosed eclogite protolith formation to the mid-Proterozoic. This result is identical to those reported by Jahn (1994), showing complicated processes of metamorphism and metasomatism. The data in this paper provide further evidence to define the boundary between the North China craton and UHPM belt in eastern Shandong and to understand the geotectonic nature of the boundary.