增城市地下综合管线信息管理系统设计与实现

增城市地下综合管线信息管理系统是集地下综合管线信息的综合管理和管线数据动态更新于一体,为县域城市规划、建设、管理提供信息资源和管理的技术平台,为政府及各管线权属单位提供了管理决策的科学依据.本文结合增城市地下综合管线信息管理系统的设计理念和研发实践,描述了数据库结构、系统的功能设计和动态更新机制,为探索地下综合管线信息化管理、动态更新维护提供了有效途径.     

中原经济区科技创新体系建设研究

依据中原经济区建设目标和产业技术需求导向,通过对国内有关经济区创新内容的调研,提出中原经济区科技创新体系构建包括以下主要内容:坚持以粮为基础,加强生态和环境建设;以农业现代化为基础,以新兴工业化为支撑,以新型城镇化为引领,积极推进“三化”协调发展;围绕产业聚集区建设优化配置创新资源,有效提高创新效率;加强中原经济区内外创新资源统筹协调,推动创新合作与开放;攻克一批重大关键核心技术,建立现代产业发展技术群,构建现代产业体系;建立中原经济区科技创新示范区,提高创新集聚和辐射能力.     

湿地土壤水源涵养功能研究进展

湿地土壤依靠孔隙而发挥水源涵养功能,广义的湿地土壤水源涵养功能是指湿地土壤内多个水文过程及其水文效应的综合表现,而狭义的湿地土壤水源涵养功能仅指湿地土壤蓄水。主要从土壤水源涵养的机制、计算方法、土壤蓄水量及其对径流调节、影响土壤蓄水的因素等几个方面对当前湿地土壤水源涵养功能的研究进行了综述。土壤涵养水源是由于水分能在土壤孔隙中的存储、持留和运转。从力学的角度看,水分主要依赖于吸附力、毛管力和重力作用而持留。湿地土壤蓄水能力的3种计算方法各有优缺点,计算时应结合湿地水文波动的实际情况而选择。不同类型湿地的土壤蓄水能力因土壤本身性质而异。湿地土壤蓄水能力受土壤粒径组成、结构、孔隙、有机质和含水量等因素的影响,同时受自然及人为因素的调控。针对当前湿地土壤蓄水能力研究的不足,指出应加强对湿地蓄水能力的定量研究及计算方法的探讨;同时,土地利用对湿地土壤水源涵养功能影响的研究也需进一步加强。     

Joint variable spatial downscaling

Joint Variable Spatial Downscaling (JVSD), a new statistical technique for downscaling gridded climatic variables, is developed to generate high resolution gridded datasets for regional watershed modeling and assessments. The proposed approach differs from previous statistical downscaling methods in that multiple climatic variables are downscaled simultaneously and consistently to produce realistic climate projections. In the bias correction step, JVSD uses a differencing process to create stationary joint cumulative frequency statistics of the variables being downscaled. The functional relationship between these statistics and those of the historical observation period is subsequently used to remove GCM bias. The original variables are recovered through summation of bias corrected differenced sequences. In the spatial disaggregation step, JVSD uses a historical analogue approach, with historical analogues identified simultaneously for all atmospheric fields and over all areas of the basin under study. Analysis and comparisons are performed for 20th Century Climate in Coupled Models (20C3M), broadly available for most GCMs. The results show that the proposed downscaling method is able to reproduce the sub-grid climatic features as well as their temporal/spatial variability in the historical periods. Comparisons are also performed for precipitation and temperature with other statistical and dynamic downscaling methods over the southeastern US and show that JVSD performs favorably. The downscaled sequences are used to assess the implications of GCM scenarios for the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint river basin as part of a comprehensive climate change impact assessment.     

Temperature reconstruction from tree-ring maximum latewood density of Qinghai spruce in middle Hexi Corridor, China

Seven different tree-ring parameters (tree-ring width, earlywood width, latewood width, maximum density, minimum density, mean earlywood density, and mean latewood density) were obtained from Qinghai spruce (Picea crassifolia) at one chronology site in the Hexi Corridor, China. The chronologies were analyzed individually and then compared with each other. Growth–climate response analyses showed that the tree-ring width and maximum latewood density (MXD) are mainly influenced by warm season temperature variability. Based on the relationships derived from the climate response analysis, the MXD chronology was used to reconstruct the May–August maximum temperature for the period 1775–2008 A.D., and it explained the 38.1% of the total temperature variance. It shows cooling in the late 1700s to early 1800s and warming in the twentieth century. Spatial climate correlation analyses with gridded land surface data revealed that our warm season temperature reconstruction contains a strong large-scale temperature signal for north China. Comparison with regional and Northern Hemisphere reconstructions revealed similar low-frequency change to longer-term variability. Several cold years coincide with major volcanic eruptions.     

Critical roles of convective momentum transfer in sustaining the multi-scale Madden–Julian oscillation

To understand the nature and role of multi-scale interaction involved in the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO), a dynamical model is built based on two essential processes: the convective complex of the MJO modulates the strength and location of synoptic-scale motions, which in turn feed back to the MJO through the convective momentum transfer (CMT). Our results exhibit that: (1) The lower tropospheric easterly CMT coming from the 2-day waves slows down the MJO dramatically; (2) although the lower tropospheric westerly CMT coming from the superclusters can produce the horizontal quadrupole vortex and vertical westerly wind-burst structures of the MJO, it drives the large-scale motions to propagate eastward too fast; (3) the planetary boundary layer provides an instability source for the MJO and pulls the MJO to propagate eastward at a speed of 0～10?ms^?1; and (4) the optimal structure of the multi-scale MJO should be: the stronger superclusters/2-day waves prevail in the rear/front part of the MJO and produce lower tropospheric westerly/easterly CMT there. These theoretical results emphasize the role of CMT and encourage further observations in the multi-scale MJO.     

Decreasing trend of sunshine hours and related driving forces in Southwestern China

Total hours of sunshine are one of the most important factors affecting climate and environment, and its long-term variation is of much concern in climate studies. Trends of temporal and spatial patterns in sunshine hours and related climatic factors over southwestern China are evaluated for the period 1961–2009 based on data from 111 standard meteorological stations. The results showed that southwestern China is experiencing a statistical decrease of sunshine hours, at the rate of 31.9 h/10a during 1961–2009. The decline was particularly strong in summer, whereas it is nonsignificant in winter. Spatially, statistically significant decreases of sunshine hours mainly occurred in lower altitude regions, especially in the Sichuan basin and Guizhou plateau. Sunshine hours have a high correlation with wind speed, relative humidity, precipitation, cloud cover, surface downwards solar radiation flux, and cloud water content, with wind speed showing the strongest relationship to sunshine hours, implicit in the close correlation (temporally and spatially) between the two variables. Changing water vapor and cloud cover influence sunshine hours in southwestern China. In addition, the increased surface downwards solar radiation flux also made some contribution to a rise of sunshine hours during 1991–2009. The larger decreasing trends of sunshine hours at urban stations than rural stations may reflect the effect of urbanization on sunshine hours. Variations are dominated by the comprehensive functions of multiple factors owing to the complex nature of effects on sunshine hours.     

气象干旱时空表达方式的探讨

为了对气象干旱时空表达方式进行探讨,提出了气象干旱时间面积函数的概念及其表达式MD(Meteorological Drought),并利用1952年1月1日-2010年5月31日云南省全部站点逐日降水、气温观测数据计算得到的干旱CI指数,计算和分析了MD的时间分布。结果表明:(1)MD可客观、准确地表达近60年来云南发生干旱的过程和强度,解决了以往确定气象干旱事件时对持续时间和面积大小界定的主观性和不确定性,MD不仅可以完整地描述和比较有气象记录以来历史上的干旱事件,还可以连续滚动描述每个干旱过程的演变;(2)MD计算结果表明,1952-2010年云南干旱较严重的年份是:1959,1963,1966,1969,1974,1979,1984和2010年,其中,2010年为近60年来最旱的一年,干旱发生的时间比其他干旱较严重年份平均提前了90天左右,形成秋、冬、春和初夏连旱的罕见气候事件。     

S波段多普勒天气雷达非降水气象回波识别

在气象条件为晴空或有云但无降水的情况下,在雷达站附近经常可观测到大面积的非降水气象回波,这些回波对定量估测降水和雷达资料同化效果产生重要影响。为了有效识别这些非降水回波,该文发展了基于模糊逻辑识别和回波分块的非降水气象回波识别算法 (NPMDA)。该文首先利用地面和卫星资料为标准,提出了非降水回波的确定标准,并利用北京SA雷达,对非降水气象回波特性进行了统计分析,得到了隶属函数。在非降水回波识别时首先采用SCIT算法将回波组合成片,然后对整个PPI进行初步的判断。对不能初步判断为降水的PPI,采用模糊逻辑的方法计算成片回波的属性值,依据成片回波的属性值得到片内回波逐点识别时的阈值,从而实现了回波的动态阈值识别。结果表明:对大部分非降水气象回波识别效果较好,对较强降水回波误判较少,弱降水回波有时会出现一定的误判。与NCAR使用的ICADA方法相比,NPMDA方法能明显提高非降水回波的识别率,减少降水回波的误判率。     

铁路调度信息机房与轨道测速系统防雷设计方案

山西省大同市大秦铁路湖东车站信息调度机房由于没有按照防雷规范的要求安装外部防雷装置和内部防雷装置,因此每年雷雨季节都要不同程度地遭受雷击损失,本文主要是从直击雷防护、电源系统感应雷防护、轨道测速系统等电位接地等方面按照现代综合防雷的要求提出设计方案。