Non-monotonic chemical and O,Sr, Nd,and Pb isotope zonations and heterogeneity in the mafic- to silicic-composition magma chamber of the Grizzly Peak Tuff,Colorado

Strong compositional zonation of the 34 Ma Grizzly Peak Tuff in west-central Colorado is attended by non-monotonic trends in O, Sr, Nd, and Pb isotope ratios. Fiamme from the tuff cluster in chemical compositions and petrographic characteristics, indicating the magma chamber was not continuously zoned but consisted of at least seven compositional layers. The most mafic magma erupted (57 wt% SiO₂, fiamme group 7) had ¹⁸O= +8.5, initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr=0.7099, _Nd, and ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=17.80, suggesting that the magma was produced by 50% fractional crystallization of basaltic magma that assimilated 20 to 40 wt% Proterozoic crust. Isotopic compositions of more evolved parts of the chamber (up to 77 wt% SiO₂, fiamme group 1) depart from the mafic base-level composition of fiamme group 7, and reflect late-stage assimilation that occurred largely after compositional layering was established. ¹⁸O values decrease by as much as 1.5 from fiamme groups 7 through 4, indicating assimilation of hydrothermally altered roof rocks. ¹⁸O values abruptly inerease by up to 1.5 between fiamme groups 4 and 3. This discontinuity is interpreted to reflect evolution in an asymmetric chamber that had a split-level roof, allowing assimilation of wall rocks that varied vertically in degree of hydrothermal alteration. This chamber geometry is also supported by collapse structures in the caldera. Late-stage assimilation of heterogeneous wall rocks is also indicated by variations in Sr, Nd, and Pb isotope ratios. Large Sr isotope disequilibrium exists between some phenocrysts and whole-rock fiamme, and initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios in phenocrysts are as high as 0.7170. values regularly increase from-13.0 in fiamme group 7 to-11.3 in fiamme group 3, and then decrease to-12.2 in fiamme group 1. ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ratios generally increase from 17.80 to 17.94 for fiamme groups 7 through 1. The rhyolitic parts of the Grizzly Peak Tuff have isotopic compositions that could be attributed to a purely crustal melt. It is unlikely, however, that the mafic parts of the tuff were generated by crustal melting, and the compositional and isotopic variations across the entire zonation of the tuff are best explained by fractional crystallization of mantle-derived magmas, accompanied by extensive assimilation of Proterozoic crust.     

Relation of selected mineral deposits to the mass/age distribution of Phanerozoic sediments

The global mass/age distribution of Phanerozoic sediment shows maxima in the Middle Paleozoic, at the Paleozoic-Mesozoic boundary, and in the Late Mesozoic. All of these total sediment mass maxima are also maxima of masses of volcanogenic sediment and non-marine sediment, and represent times of maximum sediment flux on the surface of the earth. The Middle Paleozoic and Late Mesozoic maxima correspond to the great marine inundations of the continents, and the Late Paleozoic-Early Mesozoic maximum to the time of transfer of a large number of terranes across the Tethys from Gondwanaland to Eurasia. All three maxima of sedimentary mass correspond to times of rapid sea-floor spreading and orogeny.Organic carbon in dispersed form is enriched in sediments forming hydrocarbons during the sediment flux maxima of the Middle Paleozoic and Late Mesozoic (Jurassic-Cretaceous), but is preserved as coal during sediment flux minima of the Carboniferous and Early Cenozoic. Sedimentary iron deposits and phosphorite deposition are most widespread when the global sedimentary flux is minimal. Potassium salts were deposited at times of sediment flux

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Zusammenfassung Die globale Verteilung der Sedimentmassen nach ihrem Alter zeigt Massenmaxima im Mittel-Paläozoikum, an der Grenze Paläozoikum-Mesozoikum und im Spät-Mesozoikum, sowie Massenminima dazwischen. Die Maxima der gesamten Sedimentmasse sind auch Maxima der vulkanogenen und terrestrischen Sedimente; sie fallen in Zeiten maximaler Erosion, Umlagerung und Sedimentation. Die mittel-paläozoischen und spät-mesozoischen Maxima sind zeitlich mit den größten Überflutungen der Kontinenten verbunden. An der Wende vom Paläozoikum zum Mesozoikum, an der es keinen Hochstand des Meeresspiegels gab, überwucherten viele kleinere Kontinentschollen die Tethys von Gondwana nach Asien. Vermutlich waren alle drei Maxima auch Zeiten maximalen Sea-floor Spreadings und der Orogenese.Organischer Kohlenstoff wurde während der Sedimentations-Maxima im mittleren Paläozoikum und späteren Mesozoikum (Jura-Kreide) in marinen Sedimenten angereichert aber während der Sedimentationsminima im Spät-Paläozoikum und im frühen Känozoikum als Kohle abgelagert. Eisenoolite und Phosphorite finden ihre weiteste Verbreitung zu Zeiten der Sedimentationsminima. Kalisalze wurden zu den Zeiten der Sedimentationsmaxima ausgeschieden.

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Résumé Au cours du Phanérozoïque, la répartition a l'échelle globale de la masse des sédiments déposés en fonction de leur âge présente des maxima au Paléozoïque moyen, à la limite Paléozoïque-Mésozoïque et au Mésozoïque supérieur; elle présente des minima aux autres périodes. Tous ces maxima de la masse totale des sédiments sont aussi des maxima des sédiments volcanoclastiques et des sédiments continentaux; ils représentent les périodes oú les transports sédimentaires étaient les plus importants à la surface du globe. Les maxima du Paléozoïque supérieur correspondent aux grandes invasions marines des continents, tandis que le maximum paléozoïque-mésozoïque correspond au transfert à travers la Téthys d'un grand nombre de «terranes» du Gondwana vers l'Eurasie. Les trois maxima correspondent également à des périodes d'expansion océanique rapide et d'orogenèse active.Le carbone organique s'est déposé sous forme dispersée dans les sédiments marins (roches-mères des hydrocarburse) lors des maxima du Paléozoïque moyen et du Mésozoïque supérieur, tandis qu'il a été conservé sous forme de charbon lors des minima du Carbonifère et du Cénozoïque inférieur. Les dépôts de minerais de fer sédimentaires oolitiques et de phosphate présentent leur plus grande extension au cours des périodes de sédimentation globale minimale. Les sels potassiques se sont déposés pendant les périodes de sédimentation maximale.

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Atmospheric Turbulence Measurements at a Coastal Zone with and without Fog

Boundary-Layer Meteorology - Measurements of atmospheric turbulence at a site in Ferryland (Newfoundland) during the C-FOG (Coastal-Fog) field campaign in September–October 2018 are used to...     

Interactions between Habitat Loss and Climate Change: Implications for Fairy Shrimp in the Central Valley Ecoregion of California, Usa

Combinations of habitat loss and climate change can alter the distribution of environmental conditions available to organisms. The magnitude and direction of these changes may have important implications for ecological processes and species persistence. This study explored the potential impacts of projected changes in climate and land-use for five fairy shrimp species (Crustacea: Anostraca) endemic to vernal pools in the Central Valley ecoregion of California, U.S.A. Scenarios describing habitat extent and climate were developed for 2040 and 2100 and compared to a 1990s baseline. Hydrologic conditions in vernal pools were found to be sensitive to projected climate changes, and, in the absence of habitat loss, warmer temperatures and greater winter precipitation would drive vernal pools toward longer, more frequent periods of inundation. However, existing biological reserves for three of the five species are biased toward drier areas and if unprotected habitat were lost, the net change in hydrologic conditions would be reversed with remaining habitat providing shorter, less frequent inundations. Species with unbiased representation in reserves do not show this reversal, and they have predictable shifts in hydrologic conditions. These results demonstrate the importance of biologically and climatically representative reserve systems under climate change and habitat loss.     

Code and carrier phase based short baseline GPS positioning: computational aspects

A recursive least squares algorithm is presented for short baseline GPS positioning using both carrier phase and code measurements. We take advantage of the structure of the problem to make the algorithm computationally efficient and use orthogonal transformations to ensure that the algorithm is numerically reliable. Details are given for computing position estimates and error covariance matrices with possible satellite rising and setting. Real data test results suggest our algorithm is effective.This research was supported by NSERC of Canada Grant RGPIN217191–99, FCAR of Quebec Grant 2001-NC-66487, and NSERCGEOIDE Network Project ENV#14 for Xiao-Wen Chang, and by NSERC of Canada Grant RGPIN9236–01 for Christopher C. Paige.An erratum to this article can be found at     

Modeling multiaquifer wells with MODFLOW

Multiaquifer wells, i.e., wells that are open across more than one aquifer, can have a profound effect on the hydraulics of a ground water system. These wells change the physical system by establishing direct hydraulic links between otherwise isolated strata. Several methods are available to simulate multiaquifer wells in the context of comprehensive ground water flow simulators. In this paper, we review four methods to represent multiaquifer wells with the widely used code MODFLOW. These methods include a specialized code developed, but never formally released, by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the Multi-Aquifer Well (MAW1) Package. An expanded implementation of the techniques in the MAW1 Package has been incorporated in the Multi-Node Well Package released recently by the USGS (Halford and Hanson 2002). We examine the performance of the methods in the context of a benchmarking study against the analytical solutions of Papadopulos (1966) and Sokol (1963). Our results demonstrate that results obtained with the MAW1 Package closely match exact solutions for pumping and nonpumping conditions, using both coarse and refined grids.     

TOPEX/Poseidon and Jason-1: Absolute Calibration in Bass Strait, Australia

Updated absolute calibration results from Bass Strait, Australia, are presented for the TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P) and Jason-1 altimeter missions. Data from an oceanographic mooring array and coastal tide gauge have been used in addition to the previously described episodic GPS buoy deployments. The results represent a significant improvement in absolute bias estimates for the Bass Strait site. The extended methodology has allowed comparison between the altimeter and in situ data on a cycle-by-cycle basis over the duration of the dedicated calibration phase (formation flight period) of the Jason-1 mission. In addition, it has allowed absolute bias results to be extended to include all cycles since the T/P launch, and all Jason-1 data up to cycle 60. Updated estimates and formal 1-sigma uncertainties of the absolute bias computed throughout the formation flight period are 0 ± 14 mm for T/P and +152 + 13 mm for Jason-1 (for the GDR POE orbits). When JPL GPS orbits are used for cycles 1 to 60, the Jason-1 bias estimate is 131 mm, virtually identical to the NASA estimate from the Harvest Platform off California calculated with the GPS orbits and not significantly different to the CNES estimate from Corsica. The inference of geographically correlated errors in the GDR POE orbits (estimated to be approximately 17 mm at Bass Strait) highlights the importance of maintaining globally distributed verification sites and makes it clear that further work is required to improve our understanding of the Jason-1 instrument and algorithm behavior.     

Experiments with scale models of oil collectors for subsea well blowouts — Part II

A previous paper of the same title indicated the feasibility of the collection of oil by an open bottom collector above a blowout with a marine riser above the collector; the whole collection system being driven by gas lift from the blowout gas. That paper was based on small-scale laboratory experiments and it identified the salient dimensionless parameters governing those experiments. This paper describes laboratory experiments on a refinement of the collection system and also describes the results of intermediate scale experiments. The length scale of these experiments was about four times greater than laboratory scale and about one-fourth of full scale. Generally, the intermediate scale results are consistent with the laboratory predictions. Furthermore, two scale-dependent parameters have been identified. The effects of these have been included in an analysis of the results.