Der Arma-Brown-Kreiselkompaß — Aufbau und Eigenschaften

Ocean Dynamics - Der Aufsatz befaßt sich mit den Konstruktionsprinzipien, dem technischen Aufbau und den Eigenschaften des jüngst auf dem Markt erschienenen Arma-Brown-Kreiselkompasses....     

First GOCE gravity field models derived by three different approaches

Three gravity field models, parameterized in terms of spherical harmonic coefficients, have been computed from 71 days of GOCE (Gravity field and steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer) orbit and gradiometer data by applying independent gravity field processing methods. These gravity models are one major output of the European Space Agency (ESA) project GOCE High-level Processing Facility (HPF). The processing philosophies and architectures of these three complementary methods are presented and discussed, emphasizing the specific features of the three approaches. The resulting GOCE gravity field models, representing the first models containing the novel measurement type of gravity gradiometry ever computed, are analysed and assessed in detail. Together with the coefficient estimates, full variance-covariance matrices provide error information about the coefficient solutions. A comparison with state-of-the-art GRACE and combined gravity field models reveals the additional contribution of GOCE based on only 71 days of data. Compared with combined gravity field models, large deviations appear in regions where the terrestrial gravity data are known to be of low accuracy. The GOCE performance, assessed against the GRACE-only model ITG-Grace2010s, becomes superior at degree 150, and beyond. GOCE provides significant additional information of the global Earth gravity field, with an accuracy of the 2-month GOCE gravity field models of 10?cm in terms of geoid heights, and 3?mGal in terms of gravity anomalies, globally at a resolution of 100?km (degree/order 200).     

Quasi-periodic oscillations in low-mass X-ray binaries and constraints on the equation of state of neutron star matter

Recently discovered quasi-periodic oscillations in the X-ray brightness of low-mass X-ray binaries are used to derive constraints on the mass of the neutron star component and the equation of state of neutron star matter. The observations are compared with models of rapidly rotating neutron stars which are calculated by means of an exact numerical method in full relativity. For the equations of state we select a broad collection of models representing different assumptions about the many-body structure and the complexity of the composition of superdense matter. The mass constraints differ from their values in the approximate treatment by ∼10 per cent. Under the assumption that the maximum frequency of the quasi-periodic oscillations originates from the innermost stable orbit, the mass of the neutron star is in the range M ∼1.92–2.25 M_⊙. The quasi-periodic oscillation in the Atoll-source 4U 1820−30 in particular is only consistent with equations of state that are rather stiff at high densities, which is explainable, so far, only with pure nucleonic/leptonic composition. This interpretation contradicts the hypothesis that the protoneutron star formed in SN 1987A collapsed to a black hole, since this would demand a maximum neutron star mass below 1.6 M_⊙. The recently suggested identification of quasi-periodic oscillations with frequencies of about 10 Hz with the Lense–Thirring precession of the accretion disc is found to be inconsistent with the models studied in this work, unless it is assumed that the first overtone of the precession is observed.     

Dissolved PCB's and chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides in the baltic,determined by two different sampling procedures

From the Hanö Bight, south of Sweden, in the Baltic, seawater samples were taken for measuring the concentrations of dissolved PCB's and OCP's by two different methods. The results are not only in agreement with other data from this and comparable regions, they also show no differences in the two sampling techniques. As a consequence, the ship-bow intake pump is recommended as an instrument to process large water volumes.     

A European pattern climatology 1766–2000

Using monthly independently reconstructed gridded European fields for the 500 hPa geopotential height, temperature, and precipitation covering the last 235 years we investigate the temporal and spatial evolution of these key climate variables and assess the leading combined patterns of climate variability. Seasonal European temperatures show a positive trend mainly over the last 40 years with absolute highest values since 1766. Precipitation indicates no clear trend. Spatial correlation technique reveals that winter, spring, and autumn covariability between European temperature and precipitation is mainly influenced by advective processes, whereas during summer convection plays the dominant role. Empirical Orthogonal Function analysis is applied to the combined fields of pressure, temperature, and precipitation. The dominant patterns of climate variability for winter, spring, and autumn resemble the North Atlantic Oscillation and show a distinct positive trend during the past 40 years for winter and spring. A positive trend is also detected for summer pattern 2, which reflects an increased influence of the Azores High towards central Europe and the Mediterranean coinciding with warm and dry conditions. The question to which extent these recent trends in European climate patterns can be explained by internal variability or are a result of radiative forcing is answered using cross wavelets on an annual basis. Natural radiative forcing (solar and volcanic) has no imprint on annual European climate patterns. Connections to CO₂ forcing are only detected at the margins of the wavelets where edge effects are apparent and hence one has to be cautious in a further interpretation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Dynamics of elastic–plastic shear frames with secondary structures: shake table and numerical studies

Results from experimental and numerical studies of earthquake‐excited small‐scale primary–secondary structures are presented. The primary structure considered is a plane three‐storey shear frame with a fundamental frequency of 5.5 Hz. The columns of the first floor are built with soft aluminium and they are stressed beyond its linear range of behaviour. After each test the elastic–plastic columns are replaced by a new set of undeformed virgin aluminium bars. The elastic–plastic shear frame is tested with and without an attached secondary structure. The secondary structure is modelled as an elastic SDOF oscillator, and its natural frequency is tuned to the fundamental frequency of the shear frame. Alternatively, the oscillator is mounted on the horizontal beam of the second and third floor. The base excitation of the structural model is characterized by a broad band random process with constant spectral density in a frequency range between 3 and 30 Hz. In the numerical study, the digital recorded acceleration of the base excites the mechanical model of the investigated structures. Numerical outcomes assuming fictitious unlimited elastic material behaviour of the shear frame are set in contrast to results from experiments and computational simulations where the measured non‐linear force displacement relation of the elastic–plastic floor is approximated by a piecewise linear curve. The effect of elastic–plastic materials on the dynamic interaction between primary and secondary structure is shown and the difference to unlimited elastic material behaviour is worked out in detail. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Satellitenbildauswertung zur Feststellung von Trinkwasserreserven im Rheinischen Schiefergebirge

Zusammenfassung Im östlichen Rheinischen Schiefergebirge konnten innerhalb der im Allgemeinen gering permeablen paläozoischen Festgesteinskomplexe Bereiche guter Wasserwegsamkeit festgestellt werden. Sie sind vornehmlich an Nord-Süd oder Ost-West gerichtete Zonen junger (tertiärer) Tektonik gebunden und vorwiegend feldgeologisch nicht kartierbar. Mit Hilfe der Satellitenbildauswertung lassen sich diese Bereiche gut erfassen, da sie als Lineare abgebildet werden.Die Erfassung und Abgrenzung der Zonen junger Tektonik stellt eine wichtige Grundlage zur Sicherung der Trinkwasserversorgung für Gemeinden im Rheinischen Schiefergebirge dar. Sie ist außerdem ein Hilfsmittel zur Beurteilung von Fragen des Grundwasserschutzes.An Hand eines LANDSAT-1 Bildes wurde eine Linearkarte angefertigt, die mit einem umfangreichen Abflußmeßprogramm verglichen wurde. Dabei ergab sich, daß die von Linearen durchzogenen Teilgebiete normalerweise überdurchschnittliche Abflußspenden haben. Auch die in diesen Bereichen gelegenen Tiefbrunnen weisen überdurchschnittliche Förderraten auf.Über die jungen tektonischen Schwächezonen besteht eine gute Verbindung zwischen Oberflächen- und Grundwasser. Daraus resultiert die Gefahr einer möglichen Grundwasserkontamination durch verunreinigtes Oberflächenwasser. Dies bezieht sich besonders auf in Linearbereichen liegende Mülldeponien. So konnte zum Beispiel eine Verunreinigung von oberflächennahem Grundwasser durch die Schlammdeponie Hirzenhain nachgewiesen werden.Die Linearkarte stellt eine Basis für vorbeugende Maßnahmen des Trinkwasserschutzes dar, da mit ihrer Hilfe eine Ausweisung bzw. Neuabgrenzung von Trinkwasserschutzgebieten möglich ist, wie am Beispiel der Tiefbrunnen von Biedenkopf ausgeführt wird.

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Linear zones of good permeability were recognized within the paleozoic strata of the Rheinisches Schiefergebirge, where the permeability of these intensively folded strata normally is low. These zones are related to young tectonic events of Tertiary. They follow North-Southern or East-Western directions and they can generally not be detected by methods of field-geology. The zones were mapped by interpretation of satellite-images where they show up as linear structural elements.The method can be used to back groundwater research and to prevent groundwater contamination. A LANDSAT-1 image was used for the structural interpretation. The resulting map was compared to a program of run-off measurements. Run-off rates above the average were proved at areas effected by linear elements. Also the production-rates of waterwells in these areas was proved to be above the average.Good communication between surface-water and ground-water has been recognized. This includes the possibility of groundwater pollution for example of refuse-deposits. Contamination of this kind has been found at several localities.

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Résumé Dans le Rheinische Schiefergebirge oriental, on a pu déterminer au sein du complexe paléozoïque, en général peu perméable, des domaines à bonne perméabilité due à l'existence de joints et de fissures.Ces domaines sont avant tout liés à des zones à tectonique récente (tertiaire), de direction Nord-Sud ou Est-Ouest, pratiquement impossibles à cartographier pour la plupart d'entre elles. L'interprétation des photos prises par satellite permet de les bien définir car ils apparaissent sous forme de lignes. La considération et la délimitation des zones à tectonique récente constitue une base importante pour assurer l'alimentation en eau potable des communes dans le Massif schisteux rhénan, et, en outre, un moyen de porter un jugement sur les questions concernant la protection des nappes souterraines. Une carte de ces lignes a été établie à partir d'un photo de LANDSAT-1; elle fut ensuite comparée à un vaste programme de mesures de l'écoulement. Cette étude montra que les régions traversées par de telles lignes ont normalement des débits au-dessus de la moyenne. Il en est de même en ce qui concerne les puits creusés dans ces domaines.Dans les zones à tectonique récente faible, il existe une bonne liaison entre les eaux de surface et les nappes souterraines, d'où le danger de contamination possible de ces mêmes nappes par les eaux de surface polluées. Cela concerne particuli-rement les dépôts d'immondices; a titre d'exemple, il a été possible de prouver la pollution des nappes souterraines à partir de la surface à la suite du dépôt de boues à Hirzenhain.La carte des lignes représente une bonne base pour décider des mesures de protection des eaux potables, puisqu'il est possible, grâce à elle, de faire une nouvelle délimitation des domaines de protection des eaux potables, comme par exemple, au puits de Biedenkopf.

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Transient three-dimensional modeling of riverbank filtration at Grind well field, Germany

Riverbank filtration (RBF) is a proven treatment step in a multi-barrier method of drinking-water supply at many sites. RBF wells induce a large amount of river water to infiltrate the river base and travel towards the wells, giving the opportunity for mixing of infiltrated surface water and groundwater. Assessment of raw water quality plays an important role in planning and operating a RBF well field. In this context, the determination of the catchment area (and land uses within the catchment) and the ratio of bank filtrate (BF) to raw groundwater (GW) are two prior steps. Transient model simulations were performed in order to study the hydraulic conditions at the RBF well field at Grind near Düsseldorf, Germany. The BF/GW ratio was determined to be 75/25. The flood events in winter, in particular, showed the BF/GW ratio to have high variation. Transient path lines in the well field were used for delineation of the catchment area.     

Transient simulations,empirical reconstructions and forcing mechanisms for the Mid-holocene hydrological climate in southern Patagonia

This study investigates the atmospheric circulation in transient climate simulations with a coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation model (GCM) for the mid-Holocene (MH) period 7–4.5 ka BP driven with combinations of orbital, solar and greenhouse gas forcings. The focus is on southern South America. Statistical downscaling models are derived from observational data and applied to the simulations to estimate precipitation in south-eastern Patagonia during the MH. These estimates are compared with lake level estimates for Laguna Potrok Aike (LPA) from sediments. Relative to pre-industrial conditions (i.e. 1550–1850), which show extraordinarily high lake levels, the proxy-based reconstructed lake levels during the MH are lower. The downscaled simulated circulation differences indicate higher LPA precipitation during the MH from March to August, higher annual means, and reduced precipitation from September to February. Thus the reconstructed lower LPA lake levels can not be explained solely by the simulated precipitation changes. Possible reasons for this discrepancy are discussed. Based on proxy data from southern South America hypotheses have also been proposed on the latitudinal position of the southern hemispheric westerlies (SHWs). In agreement with some of these hypotheses our simulations show an increased seasonal cycle of the latitudinal position of the SHWs during the MH, which can be explained by the orbital forcing. The simulations also show stronger SHWs over southern Patagonia during austral summer and weaker SHWs during winter. The downscaling model associates weaker SHWs with increased precipitation in the LPA region. However, this relationship is only moderate, and therefore the downscaling model does not support the assumption of a strong link between mean SHWs and precipitation over south-eastern Patagonia, which is the basis of many proxy-based hypotheses about the SHWs.     

U–Pb dating, Hf-isotope characteristics and trace-REE-patterns of zircons from Medet porphyry copper deposit, Bulgaria: implications for timing, duration and sources of ore-bearing magmatism

Precise U–Pb geochronology, Hf isotope compositions and trace element distributions in zircons are combined in the present study to define the timing and sources of the magmatism forming the Medet porphyry copper deposit, Bulgaria. ID-TIMS U–Pb-zircon dating demonstrates that ore-bearing magmatism extended for less than 1.12 Ma. As inferred from the field relationships, it started with the intrusion of a quartz-monzodiorite at 90.59?±?0.29 Ma followed by granodiorite porphyries at 90.47?±?0.30 and 90.27?±?0.60 Ma and by crosscutting aplite dykes at 90.12?±?0.36 Ma. These units were overprinted by potassic alteration and host economic copper-(Mo–Au) mineralization. The main magmatic–hydrothermal activity ceased after that, and a later quartz-granodiorite porphyry dyke, dated at 89.26?±?0.32 Ma, only contains an uneconomic quartz–pyrite mineralization. Assimilation of Lower Paleozoic rocks with a mantle to mantle–crust signature is characteristic of the fertile magma in the Medet deposit, as defined by positive ?-Hf values of the inherited zircons. The positive Ce-anomalies and the higher Eu/Eu* ratios of the zircons in the mineralized Cretaceous rocks of Medet deposit argue for crystallization from a generally more oxidized magma compared to the later quartz-granodiorite porphyry dyke. A change in paleostress conditions occurred during the intrusion of the Medet pluton and its dykes. The initial stage reveals E–W extension associated with N–S compression, whereas the younger granodiorite dyke was emplaced during subsequent N–S extension. The large-scale switch of the extensional stress regime during the mineralization was favourable for ore deposition by channelling the fluids and increasing the effective permeability.