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921.
Diamond drill core traverses across the Platreef were carried out at Tweefontein, Sandsloot, and Overysel in order to establish
the relationship between crustal contamination and platinum group element (PGE) mineralization. The footwall rocks are significantly
different at each of these sites and consist of banded iron formation and sulfidic shales at Tweefontein, of carbonates at
Sandsloot, and of granites and granite gneisses at Overysel. As demonstrated in this study, Platreef rocks are characterized
by two stages of crustal contamination. The first contamination event occurred prior to emplacement of the magma and is present in Platreef rocks at all three sites, as well as in the Merensky
Reef. This event is readily identified on trace element spidergrams and trace element ratio scattergrams. The second contamination event was induced by interaction of the Platreef magma with the local footwall rocks. It is most easily identified at Tweefontein,
where there is a large increase in the FeO content of the Platreef rocks, and at Sandsloot, where there is a large increase
in their CaO and MgO contents, relative to Bushveld rocks that are uncontaminated by the local footwall rocks. At Overysel,
the second contamination event did not result in pronounced changes in the major element composition of the Platreef rocks,
but can be detected in their trace element chemistry. A strong inverse relationship between PGE tenors and S/Se ratios is
interpreted to suggest that the PGE-rich sulfides were formed prior to emplacement of the Platreef magmas through assimilation
of crustal S and became progressively enriched in the PGE during transport. Rather than promoting S-saturation, interaction
of the Platreef magma with the footwall rocks diluted the metal tenors of the sulfides. Although both the Platreef and the
Merensky Reef magmas were contaminated by the same crustal contaminant and were probably PGE-rich, they have radically different
Pd/Pt ratios. Their Pd/Pt ratios suggest that whereas the Merensky Reef magma became PGE-rich due to dissolution of PGE-rich
sulfides segregated from a pre-Merensky magma that had undergone relatively little fractionation prior to reaching S-saturation,
the pre-Platreef magma had undergone greater fractionation prior to the sulfide saturation event, thereby increasing its Pd/Pt
ratio. We suggest that the magmas that formed the Platreef and Merensky Reef may have simply been carrier magmas for sulfides
that had formed elsewhere in the plumbing system of the Bushveld Complex by the interaction of earlier generations of magmas
with the crustal rocks that underlie the Complex. 相似文献
922.
Waruntorn Kanitpanyacharoen Hans‐Rudolf Wenk Frans Kets Christian Lehr Richard Wirth 《Geophysical Prospecting》2011,59(3):536-556
Scanning and transmission electron microscopy, synchrotron X‐ray diffraction, microtomography and ultrasonic velocity measurements were used to characterize microstructures and anisotropy of three deeply buried Qusaiba shales from the Rub’al‐Khali basin, Saudi Arabia. Kaolinite, illite‐smectite, illite‐mica and chlorite show strong preferred orientation with (001) pole figure maxima perpendicular to the bedding plane ranging from 2.4–6.8 multiples of a random distribution (m.r.d.). Quartz, feldspars and pyrite crystals have a random orientation distribution. Elastic properties of the polyphase aggregate are calculated by averaging the single crystal elastic properties over the orientation distribution, assuming a nonporous material. The average calculated bulk P‐wave velocities are 6.2 km/s (maximum) and 5.5 km/s (minimum), resulting in a P‐wave anisotropy of 12%. The calculated velocities are compared with those determined from ultrasonic velocity measurements on a similar sample. In the ultrasonic experiment, which measures the effects of the shale matrix as well as the effects of porosity, velocities are smaller (P‐wave maximum 5.3 km/s and minimum 4.1 km/s). The difference between calculated and measured velocities is attributed to the effects of anisotropic pore structure and to microfractures present in the sample, which have not been taken into account in the matrix averaging. 相似文献
923.
Impact of recent climatic change on growth of low elevation eastern Mediterranean forest trees 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
Evidence is presented of how Pinus halepensis Miller from dry habitats at <300 m elevation of four Greek island regions have responded to climatic conditions of the last two centuries. We compared historical periods of low growth due to low precipitation with the recent period of significant precipitation decline. In all cases trees?? growth patterns across the twentieth century were consistent with trends in annual (rather than seasonal) precipitation, with lowest values in both precipitation and radial growth during the last two decades of the twentieth century, the worst conditions for tree growth in more than 200 years. The data are compared with trends across different vegetation belts of the northern Mediterranean basin. Drought related tree mortality in Greece in 2000 and 2007 coincided with the most severe fire outbreaks on record. IPCC WG I (2007) climate scenarios for the Mediterranean suggest a further decline in precipitation, particularly in the eastern regions. Should this occur, growth reduction in trees, tree mortality and damage from forest fires are likely to become more severe. 相似文献
924.
Christian Weikusat Ulrich A. Glasmacher Beatrice Schuster Christina Trautmann Ronald Miletich Reinhard Neumann 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2011,38(4):293-303
Crystallographically oriented Durango fluorapatites were exposed to swift heavy ions (Xe, Ta, Au, U) at different irradiation
conditions. Beam-induced sample modifications were investigated with respect to the effect of fluence (109–1013 ions/cm2), electronic energy loss (18–27 keV/nm), and pressure (3.6–11.5 GPa) applied during irradiation. In situ high-pressure irradiation
was performed in diamond anvil cells. Confocal Raman spectroscopy was used to trace the occurring changes in the crystal lattice.
Fragmentation of the crystal specimen depends on the orientation and sample thickness and was found to scale with energy loss
and fluence. The radiation damage for irradiation along the c-axis was found to be larger than for the 〈hk0〉 direction, independent of the confining pressure. Observations on samples irradiated at high pressures indicate a stabilising
effect, leading to reduced amorphisation in comparison to the samples irradiated without pressure. 相似文献
925.
926.
Etienne Balan Simon Delattre Damien Roche Loïc Segalen Guillaume Morin Maxime Guillaumet Marc Blanchard Michele Lazzeri Christian Brouder Ekhard K. H. Salje 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2011,38(2):111-122
The crystallinity of natural and synthetic apatite samples is often determined from the broadening of ν
4 PO4 infrared absorption bands. However, various physical mechanisms contribute to the observed linewidth. In the present study,
the factors determining the linewidth in the powder spectrum of synthetic fluorapatite and hydroxyapatite samples are investigated.
The temperature dependence of the infrared spectrum (10–270 K) is used to assess the respective contributions of homogeneous
broadening, related to the decay of phonons through anharmonic coupling, and heterogeneous broadening related to elastic strain
and macroscopic electrostatic effects. This latter contribution is dominant in the investigated samples and depends on the
shape of powder particles. It is discussed under the light of the theoretical modeling of the low-frequency dielectric properties
of apatite based on first-principles density functional theory calculations. The linewidth of the weak ν
1 PO4 absorption band provides a reliable information on microscopic sources of broadening, i.e., apatite crystallinity. In comparison,
the other more intense PO4 bands are more sensitive to long-range electrostatic effects. 相似文献
927.
928.
Jean-Emmanuel Martelat Christian Nicollet Jean-Marc Lardeaux Gérard Vidal Raymond Rakotondrazafy 《Geodinamica Acta》2013,26(3):94-114
AbstractThis paper describes the tectono-metamorphic evolution of a segment of the Precambrian deep crust, in the southern Madagascar island. This crust corresponds to an Archaean basement reworked by a widespread, late panAfrican event (550–580 Ma) during the formation of the Mozambican belt. The finite geometry and associated metamorphism are depicted by satellite imaging, field mapping and P-T estimations using both conventional thermobarometric methods and TWEEQ software program with internally consistent thermodynamic data and uniform set of solution models. The structural pattern developed during high-grade metamorphism shows the juxtaposition of domains with complex fold geometries separated by a 15 km wide ductile shear zone. Within the folded domains, kilometre scale interference patterns associated with strongly dipping metamorphic stretching lineations can be described as superposed folding (F1 and F2 folds). The tight and upright F2 folds result from East-West horizontal shortening. The shear zone is defined by homogeneous orientations of steep foliations, sub-horizontal stretching lineations, and kilometre scale strain gradient. Within the shear zone, we observe dominant non-coaxial criteria at various scales that are consistent with a sinistral strike-slip system during D2 deformation stage. Nevertheless, we have also found in the shear zone, geometries typical of a horizontal shortening. Such a strain pattern is characteristic of transpression tectonics.The synkinematic metamorphic conditions are estimated on mafic garnetiferous metabasites. Results show that regional transpression tectonics has developed under very high and constant thermal regime (about 800°C). A pressure gap, of about 3 kbar between the domains separated by the shear zone is identified. This implies tectonic coupling of two different structural levels during tranpressive tectonic. 相似文献
929.
Fethi Lachaal Ammar Mlayah Makram Anane Mourad Bédir Jamila Tarhouni Christian Leduc 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2013,6(7):2655-2671
In arid and semi-arid regions, the groundwater overexploitation caused drawdown in piezometric levels and a degradation of chemical water quality. That is why the groundwater monitoring needs a good comprehension of the hydrogeological aquifer properties. This is specially the case of Zéramdine–Béni Hassen deep aquifer (east-central Tunisia). Seismic profiles interpretation highlights the existence of the Zéramdine fault corridor, the Boumerdès anticline, the Moknine and Mahdia grabens that represent lateral boundaries for the study aquifer. The outcrop of the aquifer is located in the Zéramdine, Béni Hassen and Ain Ben Jannet regions, where two lithostratigraphic sections were realized. The piezometric study shows that the principal groundwater flow is from west to east. A secondary flow is from NW to SE. The hydrochemical study of 22 sample shows that the aquifer is characterized by freshwater, dominated by Na–Ca–Cl–SO4 facies. The salinity increase is from the west to the east, which coincides with the principal water flow direction. The integration of all results deduced from the hydrogeophysic, hydrodynamic and hydrochemical studies is developed to investigate hydrological processes of Zéramdine–Béni Hassen aquifer and consequently to propose a conceptual model, which will help to propose a rescue plan for the studied aquifer and to implement a spatial hydrogeological database using the global information system and then to characterize the complex aquifer system. 相似文献
930.
Najib El Goumi Mohammed Jaffal Christian Rolf Christoph Grissemann Frank Melcher Azzouz Kchikach Mohammed Hibti Torsten Graupner 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2013,6(7):2581-2597
This paper describes a multidisciplinary study approach (petrography and rock magnetism) conducted on samples collected from the study area to characterise the magnetic mineralogy and to determine if the magnetisation of both lithologies were induced or retain a remnant component. Petrophysical, mineralogical and geochemical analyses confirm bimodal aspects, particularly in basic rocks; the two magnetic modes depend essentially on the mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of the samples. The ultramafic rocks comprise a highly altered primary mineralogy with chromite and magnetite as magnetic phases. The second type is of mafic composition with a less altered primary mineralogy and essentially magnetite and/or (hemo-ilmenite) as a carrier of magnetic mineralisation. Sulphides are characterised by high concentrations of Cu, Zn and Pb. The mineralogy is composed mainly of pyrrhotite (85% to 90%), sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite and, occasionally, stannite. Monocline pyrrhotite seems to be the magnetic carrier of magnetisation in both Draa Sfar and Koudiat Aïcha. However, we suspect a different amount of hexagonal pyrrhotite as the cause of different magnetic behaviour. Paleomagnetic and thermomagnetic analyses reveal different. The calculated characteristic direction of natural remnant magnetisation for sulphides was used to model the magnetic anomaly of Draa Sfar. The proposed model match the geological features concluded from geological mapping and boreholes. Results from this work can be very useful for any modelling processes of magnetic anomalies suspected due to a sulphide mineralisation in an area with poor outcrops and no presence of boreholes information or of any geological or geochemical data. 相似文献