胶东半岛乳山地区低角度韧性剪切带几何学、运动学特征:对中国东部岩石圈减薄作用的启示

大规模伸展构造是华北克拉通东部岩石圈减薄的重要表现形式。部分低角度韧性剪切带是地壳伸展变形后所展现的构造形式。本文研究了王格庄韧性剪切带的岩石学、几何学、运动学等特征显示:韧性剪切带走向近南北向,剪切带断层面倾向多变(倾向西、西南、西北方向)。大部分区域面理低角度倾向西,矿物拉伸线理近东西向,不对称旋转碎斑及S-C组构指示顶端指向西的剪切特征。结合研究区西侧与伸展构造相匹配的半地堑伸展盆地证据:本研究认为伸展构造的形成可能与西太平洋板块的后撤相关,即大规模伸展构造作用引发了华北克拉通东部的地壳减薄作用。     

Bagging-based machine learning algorithms for landslide susceptibility modeling

Natural Hazards - Landslide hazards have attracted increasing public attention over the past decades due to a series of catastrophic consequences of landslide occurrence. Thus, the mitigation and...     

Time–frequency characteristics and trend feature of the ENPEMF signal before Lushan $${{\varvec{M}}}_{{\varvec{w}}}$$ M w 6.6 earthquake via DE-DDTFA method

Natural Hazards - The Earth's natural pulse electromagnetic field (ENPEMF) signal, is generally considered to be a nonlinear or nonstationary signal received from our instrument, placed on the...     

构造活动影响下地质事件沉积序列：以鄂尔多斯盆地延长组长7油层组为例

中晚三叠世,印支运动I幕导致秦岭隆升,同期地震、火山活动频发,在鄂尔多斯湖盆中保存了大量地质事件沉积层。为了认识构造活动影响下地质事件沉积序列,探讨地质历史时期内各类地质事件的耦合关系,从全新的角度认识大型坳陷湖盆的形成和演化过程,笔者等以鄂尔多斯盆地内部及周缘的长7油层组野外露头及钻井岩心中发育的关键事件沉积层为研究对象,对地震事件、浊流事件、火山事件、缺氧事件沉积特征和叠置关系进行研究。研究结果表明：在长7期,湖盆中多种事件沉积类型主要受控于中—晚三叠世秦岭造山运动,构造活动引起湖盆沉降,为事件沉积层的保存提供了条件;火山事件喷发的火山灰降落在湖盆中形成凝灰岩层,同时,也为湖盆缺氧事件创造了条件;沉积层因地震活动形成震积岩,而地震活动又是诱发浊流事件发生的关键因素;这些构造活动影响下的地质事件交替发生,共同构成长7油层组内各类事件沉积层的相互叠置关系。     

《北京西山地质志》中、英文本比较研究

依据文本对勘的方法,从图片和文字两个方面对《北京西山地质志》中、英文本进行比较研究。图片方面,英文本作了大量的增补和解说,内容更为详实准确。文字方面,中、英文本目录存在明显差异。英文本序言和注释有其独到的价值和意义。中文本正文的细节增补,应是吸收了当时的最新研究成果。中、英文本比较研究为认识《北京西山地质志》的价值与地位提供了准确可靠的学术依据。     

Research progress and prospect of snow avalanche disaster prevention and control北大核心CSCD

Snow avalanches are a major natural hazard in the cryosphere. It seriously threatens transportation corridors, energy transmission and communication lines, mining and touristic areas in the cold mountainous regions and often causes the destruction of infrastructure and human casualties, hindering the sustainable development of society and economy in mountainous areas. Under climate change and the expansion of human activities to alpine mountains, more population and infrastructure will expose to the risk of avalanches. In order to ensure the sustainable development in mountainous areas, the demand for the prevention and management of avalanche disasters is increasing. Based on the review of the main avalanche research progress in China since 1960 and the avalanche research results all over the world, this paper summarized the progress on the influencing factors and regional distribution of avalanche activities, avalanche formation and movement mechanism, avalanche monitoring and early warning, avalanche risk assessment and engineering prevention, as well as the frontier problems and scientific difficulties that need to be studied. In addition, the impact of climate change on avalanche activities and the interaction between human activities and avalanche activities are discussed. By looking forward to the future needs of avalanche disaster prevention and reduction, including the countermeasures, the research on avalanche in China is promoted. © 2022 by the Author(s).     

新生代阿尔金断裂带的演化:来自沿线盆地沉积记录的启示SCIEI北大核心CSCD

阿尔金断裂带是青藏高原自印度与欧亚大陆碰撞后向北扩展的前缘断裂,其新生代活动性对于研究青藏高原隆升与扩展过程和机制具有重要意义。近些年,运用热年代学、断裂几何学和运动学、沉积学、磁性地层学和地震学等方法对阿尔金断裂带的性质、组成结构、断裂活动时代、走滑断裂运动特征、走滑位移量和走滑速率等进行了细致的研究,而对阿尔金断裂带沿线受其控制的新生代沉积盆地的地层年代、沉积演化特征虽然也有一定研究,但往往仅限于单个盆地,缺乏对沿线盆地整体的对比认识,造成对阿尔金断裂带走滑起始时间及阿尔金山的隆升历史存在不同的认识。本文对近二十年来阿尔金断裂带沿线新生代沉积盆地的磁性地层年代与沉积相演化的研究进展进行综述,建立阿尔金断裂带沿线盆地新生代沉积序列和年代框架;辅助热年代学等资料,提出阿尔金断裂带的三阶段演化模型:始新世-中中新世,阿尔金断裂带以大幅度的走滑运动为主,同时伴随着阿尔金山小范围的隆升;中中新世开始,阿尔金山开始大规模的隆升,伴随着较少量的走滑运动;晚中新世以来,阿尔金断裂带构造活动加强。     

基于机器学习的表层土壤成矿元素空间预测: 以稀有金属铷元素为例

近些年随着土地质量地球化学调查工作的开展,获取了大量表层土壤样品数据。然而,这些数据也存在一个明显的缺陷,即1∶50 000大比例尺表层土壤数据往往缺少成矿元素。鉴于土壤成矿元素含量对于矿产资源勘查的重要指示作用,尝试基于现有数据对大比例尺表层土壤成矿元素含量提供一个补全方案。以稀有金属铷元素为例,采用随机森林算法把同一区域2 548组1∶250 000小比例尺表层土壤数据按照8∶2的比例随机分为两组,用80%的数据进行训练建模,20%的数据对模型进行验证。采用变量重要性度量排序和构建学习曲线的组合方法优选了8种元素(K、B、Ni、V、Zn、As、Co、Cu)作为预测变量,模型对训练数据和测试数据的拟合优度R²分别达到0.983 2和0.895 6,说明预测变量的优选方法是有效的。随后将1∶50 000表层土壤的上述预测变量数据作为输入变量导入模型中,得到预测的Rb元素含量,预测结果比较符合实际特征。本研究表明将大数据机器学习随机森林算法引入表层土壤地球化学元素含量空间定量预测具有可行性,可进一步拓展土地质量地球化学数据的服务应用维度。     

Does continental crust transform during eclogite facies metamorphism?

Eclogites within exhumed continental collision zones indicate regional burial to depths of at least 60 km, and often more than 100 km in the coesite‐stable, ultra‐high pressure (UHP) eclogite facies. Garnet, omphacitic pyroxene, high‐Si mica, kyanite ± coesite should grow at the expense of low‐P minerals in most felsic compositions, if equilibrium obtained at these conditions. The quartzofeldspathic rocks that comprise the bulk of eclogite facies terranes, however, contain mainly amphibolite facies, plagioclase‐bearing assemblages. To what extent these lower‐P minerals persisted metastably during (U)HP metamorphism, or whether they grew afterwards, reflects closely upon crustal parameters such as density, strength and seismic character. The Nordfjord area in western Norway offers a detailed view into a large crustal section that was subducted into the eclogite facies. The degree of transformation in typical pelite, paragneiss, granitic and granodioritic gneiss was assessed by modelling the equilibrium assemblage, comparing it with existing parageneses in these rocks and using U/Th–Pb zircon geochronology from laser ablation ICPMS to establish the history of mineral growth. U–Pb dates define a period of zircon recrystallization and new growth accompanying burial and metamorphism lasting from 430 to 400 Ma. Eclogite facies mafic rock (~2 vol.% of crust) is the most transformed composition and records the ambient peak conditions. Rare garnet‐bearing pelitic rocks (<10 vol.% of crust) preserve a mostly prograde mineral evolution to near‐peak conditions; REE concentrations in zircon indicate that garnet was present after 425 Ma and feldspar broke down after 410 Ma. Felsic gneiss – by far the most abundant rock type – is dominated by quartz + biotite + feldspar, but minor zoisite/epidote, phengitic white mica, garnet and rutile point to a prograde HP overprint. Relict textures indicate that much of the microstructural framework of plagioclase, K‐feldspar, and perhaps biotite, persisted through at least 25 Ma of burial, and ultimately UHP metamorphism. The signature reaction of the eclogite facies in felsic rocks – jadeite/omphacite growth from plagioclase – cannot be deduced from the presence of pyroxene or its breakdown products. We conclude that prograde dehydration in orthogneiss leads to fluid absent conditions, impeding equilibration beyond ~high‐P amphibolite facies.     

非洲东北部阿拉伯-努比亚地盾(ANS)构造演化与金成矿作用

阿拉伯-努比亚地盾(Arabian Nubian Shield,简称ANS)是900~550Ma期间冈瓦纳超大陆汇聚过程中形成的增生造山带,这一造山过程也被称为是泛非造山运动。它记录了一个长期的造山演化历史,经历了从大洋俯冲、岛弧形成及弧后的岩浆作用到大陆板块碰撞地体的拼合,再到新生地壳的逃逸构造、走滑剪切、张性断裂一系列的构造演化过程。这个演化可以分为四个阶段:(1)洋盆形成阶段(870~800 Ma);(2)洋壳俯冲阶段(800~670 Ma);(3)造山阶段(750~550 Ma);(4)后造山阶段(550 Ma~三叠纪),其中后三个阶段都有金的富集成矿作用。洋壳俯冲阶段的金矿化主要赋存在Algoma型含铁建造层(BIF)、凝灰质变质碎屑岩,以及火山成因的块状硫化物矿床内。造山阶段的主要金矿化类型为含金石英-碳酸盐脉状金矿化、与斑岩铜矿化有关的金矿化,以及与辉长岩类岩体有关的含金石英脉状矿化。与后造山阶段有关的金矿化以少量浸染状、网脉状并伴有Sn-W-Ta-Nb矿化的石英脉为特征。目前在ANS中发现了大量金矿床或矿点,它们具有各种不同的成因类型。根据构造背景及赋矿围岩,ANS原生金矿化可以划分为三类:(1)与火山沉积序列有关的金矿化,包括VMS型、浅成热液型;(2)空间分布上与碳酸盐化蛇绿岩带相关的金矿化;(3)与后造山或造山晚期闪长岩-花岗岩岩体或次火山岩有关的金矿化。