徐州土壤多环芳烃的环境地球化学迁移特征

选择江苏徐州黄棕壤进行不同深度层位多环芳烃含量的定量分析,研究并探讨了多环芳烃在土壤深度剖面中的地球化学迁移特征。研究结果显示,多环芳烃在徐州土壤剖面中主要集中在地表0~20 cm内。其中低环多环芳烃化合物的迁移能力较强,4~6环等高环化合物相对较难迁移,主要残留于地表生态系统环境中。     

Impact of land use covers upon karst processes in a typical Fengcong depression system of Nongla, Guangxi, China

The direction and intensity of karst processes can be deeply affected by soil physical and chemical variations which were resulted from land use. Taking Nongla Fengcong depression area, Mashan County, Guangxi as an example, authors discussed the impact of land use on karst processes based on the data of field limestone tablet. The results showed that the corrosional rates at varied soil depth are quite different. Corrosional rate in woodland and orchard is mostly bigger than 20 mg/a, which is much higher than that in tilled land and shrub. Generally, corrosional rate decreased from orchard, woodland, tilled land, fallow land and shrub successively, in which soil organic matter (OM) and soil pH are two major controlling factors: corrosion process is controlled remarkably by soil OM in woodland and orchard. The higher the organic matter content is and the less the pH value is, the higher the corrosional rate is. Owing to lower organic matter content, the corrosional rate is mainly affected by soil CO₂ in tilled land and shrub.     

Comparison of arsenic concentrations in simultaneously-collected groundwater and aquifer particles from Bangladesh,India, Vietnam,and Nepal

One of the reasons the processes resulting in As release to groundwater in southern Asia remain poorly understood is the high degree of spatial variability of physical and chemical properties in shallow aquifers. In an attempt to overcome this difficulty, a simple device that collects groundwater and sediment as a slurry from precisely the same interval was developed in Bangladesh. Recently published results from Bangladesh and India relying on the needle-sampler are augmented here with new data from 37 intervals of grey aquifer material of likely Holocene age in Vietnam and Nepal. A total of 145 samples of filtered groundwater ranging in depth from 3 to 36 m that were analyzed for As (1–1000 μg/L), Fe (0.01–40 mg/L), Mn (0.2–4 mg/L) and S (0.04–14 mg/L) are compared. The P-extractable (0.01–36 mg/kg) and HCl-extractable As (0.04–36 mg/kg) content of the particulate phase was determined in the same suite of samples, in addition to Fe(II)/Fe ratios (0.2–1.0) in the acid-leachable fraction of the particulate phase. Needle-sampler data from Bangladesh indicated a relationship between dissolved As in groundwater and P-extractable As in the particulate phase that was interpreted as an indication of adsorptive equilibrium, under sufficiently reducing conditions, across 3 orders of magnitude in concentrations according to a distribution coefficient of 4 mL/g. The more recent observations from India, Vietnam and Nepal show groundwater As concentrations that are often an order of magnitude lower at a given level of P-extractable As compared to Bangladesh, even if only the subset of particularly reducing intervals characterized by leachable Fe(II)/Fe >0.5 and dissolved Fe >0.2 mg/L are considered. Without attempting to explain why As appears to be particularly mobile in reducing aquifers of Bangladesh compared to the other regions, the consequences of increasing the distribution coefficient for As between the particulate and dissolved phase to 40 mL/g for the flushing of shallow aquifers of their initial As content are explored.     

基于裂隙量测法的新立矿区工程岩体渗透性分析

新立矿区主要可采矿体分布于海底岩体中,查明矿区工程岩体的渗透特征对保障海底采矿安全具有十分重要的意义。在综合分析新立矿区水文地质工程地质特征的基础上,以现场调查的岩体结构面几何数据为基础,开发了渗透系数张量计算程序,计算了岩体综合渗透系数,根据前期的压水试验结果修正了计算结果,修正后的结果表明矿区-105,-135水平工程岩体整体上呈弱透水性,局部呈微透水性,-165水平岩体整体上呈微-弱透水性;岩体渗透性随深度的增加而降低。     

花岗岩研究的误区——关于花岗岩研究的思考之五

本文在对花岗岩四大基石(混合作用、结晶分离作用、构造环境和源区)问题分析的基础上,指出花岗岩研究存在的三大误区: (1)不恰当地仿效玄武岩的理论和研究方法,忽视了花岗岩的复杂性。(2)不恰当地用板块构造学说解释大陆花岗岩问题。板块构造是地球演化到一定阶段的产物,并成功解释了与板块边界相联系的岩浆活动,但是,它不能解决主要来源于大陆的花岗岩的地质问题。(3)太过重视花岗岩的地球化学研究而忽视了对花岗岩基础地质的研究。作者指出,地球化学方法在花岗岩中的使用应当是有限制的,花岗岩研究陷入误区是我们缺少扎实的基础研究、对板块构造的理解不深和对花岗岩复杂性认识不足等三个方面的原因造成的。文中还批评了学术界存在的人云亦云的奴性思想,指出它严重地阻碍了我们的创新思维,是当前亟待改进和克服的。     

21世纪的花岗岩研究, 路在何方？——关于花岗岩研究的思考之六

21世纪的花岗岩怎样研究是一个需要探索的问题。作者认为,应当对现有的花岗岩理论、流行的说法以及术语等进行清理和反思,汲取其精华,剔除其糟粕,抛弃那些不科学、不符合实际、不符合逻辑的部分。例如,在花岗岩研究中摈弃结晶分离的理论,缩小花岗岩混合作用的意义,限制花岗岩构造环境理论的应用,取消幔源、壳源和壳幔混合源的术语等。作者指出,今后花岗岩研究应当着重解决两个问题: (1)花岗岩是怎样的？(2)它何以是这样的？文中提出5个方面的任务作为今后研究的重点,即: 开展花岗岩立典式的研究,将花岗岩研究与古老地壳的研究结合起来,将花岗岩物理性质研究与地球化学究结合起来,开展广泛的实验岩石学研究和创建新的“大陆构造学”理论。鉴于花岗岩研究目前存在的严重误区,现有的花岗岩理论几乎全面崩溃,由四大基石支撑的花岗岩大厦行将坍塌,花岗岩研究正面临全球大洗牌。为此,作者建议开展一场关于花岗岩的大辩论,目的是清理思路,认清问题,明确方向,找到出路。作者呼吁,我们应当加强学习,加速引进人才,克服急躁情绪和浮夸的学风,摈弃从众思想和奴性思想,不以SCI论英雄,改进我们的学习,改善我们的制度,以推进花岗岩研究迈上新台阶。     

小波分析在天然伽玛测井地质解释中的应用

在分析天然伽玛测井数据的信息特点和小波多分辨率分析原理的基础上,用小波多分辨率分析天然伽玛测井数据,消除其中的统计涨落等噪声干扰及提取天然伽玛放射性强度在不同沉积岩地层中分界标志特征和不同岩性中的变化特征,以提高应用天然伽玛测井资料进行地层划分及岩性识别的准确性和有效性.     

基于GF-1卫星的海上溢油定量监测——以青岛溢油事故为例

基于GF-1卫星数据对2013年11月22日青岛黄潍输油管道爆炸造成的海面溢油进行定量监测。研究首先采用2013年11月26日GF-1卫星数据对海面溢油进行提取,其统计面积为0.67 km2;其次,结合肖剑伟提出的油膜厚度单波段反演模型估算油膜厚度,最终计算得到溢油量为0.28 t;最后,对Band 1反射率与油膜厚度结果进行灰度分割,将溢油污染程度分为6级,对比发现两者分级结果较为一致。由此得出,通过反射率直接进行灰度分割可以对溢油污染进行有效的等级评定。     

厦门湾沉积物中有害有毒甲藻休眠孢囊及塔玛亚历山大藻的潜在危害

本工作通过分析厦门湾表层沉积物中的甲藻休眠孢囊，发现了1种有毒塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense)休眠孢囊，及两种有害甲藻休眠孢囊：锥状斯氏藻(Scrippsiella trochoidea)、具刺膝沟藻(Gonyaulax spinifera)．对塔玛亚历山大藻进行了培养。并初步研究了该藻的毒性及贝类对其毒素的积累．研究结果表明，厦门海域沉积物中的塔玛亚历山犬藻是有毒的．它的较适宜生长环境条件是：水温20～25℃．盐度为25～30，光照度为3000～50001x．塔玛亚历山大藻在每年的4月26日至6月10日、10月11日至11月20日可能会形成有害藻华，危害厦门海域的海洋生物并可能威胁到人类的健康和生命安全．     

黄海鲱鱼的人工孵化及胚胎发育的初步观察

对鲱科鱼类个体发育及早期形态特征的研究,国外早已进行过,尤以苏联和日本的资料最多。