Surface wave simulation during winter with sea ice in the Bohai Sea

Sea ice can attenuate wave energy significantly when waves propagate through ice covers.In this study,a third-generation wave model called simulating wave nearshore(SWAN)was advanced to include damping of wave energy due to friction in the boundary layer below the ice.With the addition of an eddy viscosity wave-ice model,the resulting new SWAN model was applied to simulate wave height in the Bohai Sea during the freezing winter.Its performance was validated with available buoy data near the ice edge,and the new model showed an improvement in accuracy because it considered the ice effect on waves.We then performed a wave hindcast for the Bohai Sea during a freezing period in the winter of 2016 that had the severest ice conditions in recent years and found that the mean significant wave height changed by approximately 16.52%.In the Liaodong Bay,where sea ice concentration is highest,the change reached 32.57%,compared with the most recent SWAN model version.The average influence of sea ice on wave height simulation was also evaluated over a five-year(2013-2017)hindcast during January and February.We found that the wave height decrease was more significant in storm conditions even the eddy viscosity wave-ice model itself showed no advantage on damping stronger waves.     

马来半岛彭亨河和吉兰丹河沉积物稀土元素特征及其物源示踪

通过对马来半岛东部彭亨河28个站位和吉兰丹河22个站位表层沉积物进行稀土元素（REE）测试,对比分析了稀土元素的组成特征和分布规律,探讨了稀土元素组成的控制因素和物源示踪意义。结果表明,彭亨河沉积物稀土元素含量介于24.88～304.29 μg/g之间,平均含量为165.22 μg/g,吉兰丹河沉积物中稀土元素含量介于126.02～281.40 μg/g之间,平均值为181.15 μg/g。彭亨河大部分沉积物上陆壳(UCC)标准化模式为重稀土相对轻稀土富集,吉兰丹河沉积物轻重稀土无明显分异。沉积物源岩和矿物组成对两条河流的REE组成起到了重要的控制作用,化学风化对彭亨河REE组成的影响大于吉兰丹河,而彭亨河沉积物粒度组成显著差异也导致了其REE含量变化范围更大。δEu_UCC-(Gd/Yb)_UCC关系图中彭亨河和吉兰丹河沉积物分区明显,表明其可作为定性判别两条河流来源的有效指标,并可用于海区沉积物来源的示踪和定量识别。     

基于DPS和GPS的南极中山站电离层TEC比较研究

基于南极中山站数字式电离层测高仪DPS-4D和GPS-TEC电离层闪烁监测仪的观测数据,比较研究了两者在2013年所得电离层总电子含量(TEC)随太阳辐射和地磁活动的日变化和季节变化特征。比较结果表明,南极中山站上空电离层TEC存在明显的极区电离层变化特性,这种变化特性大体与太阳辐射成正相关关系,而与地磁活动成负相关。尽管电离层TEC变化具有明显的晨昏不对称性,但都能有效地被DPS-4D和GPS TEC监测仪的数据计算获得,且两者相关系数达到0.86。结合中山站所处的极区电离层位置,考虑太阳辐射电离和地磁活动影响下的极区电离层对流以及中性大气成分改变,初步分析了DPS和GPS所得TEC结果有所差异的原因。     

Spatio-temporal evolution and the influencing factors of PM2.5 in China between 2000 and 2015

High concentrations of PM_2.5 are universally considered as a main cause for haze formation. Therefore, it is important to identify the spatial heterogeneity and influencing factors of PM_2.5 concentrations for regional air quality control and management. In this study, PM_2.5 data from 2000 to 2015 was determined from an inversion of NASA atmospheric remote sensing images. Using geo-statistics, geographic detectors, and geo-spatial analysis methods, the spatio-temporal evolution patterns and driving factors of PM_2.5 concentration in China were evaluated. The main results are as follows. (1) In general, the average concentration of PM_2.5 in China increased quickly and reached its peak value in 2006; subsequently, concentrations remained between 21.84 and 35.08 μg/m³. (2) PM_2.5 is strikingly heterogeneous in China, with higher concentrations in the north and east than in the south and west. In particular, areas with relatively high PM_2.5 concentrations are primarily in four regions, the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Lower Yangtze River Delta Plain, Sichuan Basin, and Taklimakan Desert. Among them, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region has the highest concentration of PM_2.5. (3) The center of gravity of PM_2.5 has generally moved northeastward, which indicates an increasingly serious haze in eastern China. High-value PM_2.5 concentrations have moved eastward, while low-value PM_2.5 has moved westward. (4) Spatial autocorrelation analysis indicates a significantly positive spatial correlation. The “High-High” PM_2.5 agglomeration areas are distributed in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Fenhe-Weihe River Basin, Sichuan Basin, and Jianghan Plain regions. The “Low-Low” PM_2.5 agglomeration areas include Inner Mongolia and Heilongjiang, north of the Great Wall, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and Taiwan, Hainan, and Fujian and other southeast coastal cities and islands. (5) Geographic detection analysis indicates that both natural and anthropogenic factors account for spatial variations in PM_2.5 concentration. Geographical location, population density, automobile quantity, industrial discharge, and straw burning are the main driving forces of PM_2.5 concentration in China.

     

Implementing marine XML for observed CTD data in a marine data exchange platform

In order to archive,quality control and disseminate a large variety of marine data in a marine data exchange platform,a marine XML has been developed to encapsulate marine data,which provides an efficient means to store,transfer and display marine data.This paper first presents the details of the main marine XML elements and then gives an example showing how to transform CTD-observed data into Marine XML format,which illustrates the XML encapsulation process of marine observed data.     

Optimization of UAVs-SfM data collection in aeolian landform morphodynamics: a case study from the Gonghe Basin,China

UAVs-SfM (unmanned aerial vehicles-structure-from-motion) systems can generate high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) topographic models of aeolian landforms. To explore the optimization of UAVs-SfM for use in aeolian landform morphodynamics, this study tested flight parameters for two contrasting aeolian landform areas (free dune and blowout) to assess the 3D reconstruction accuracy of the UAV survey compared with field point measurements using differential RTK-GPS (real-time kinematic-global positioning system). The results reveal the optimum UAVs-SfM flight set-up at the free-dune site was: flying height = 74 m, camera tilt angle = −90°, photograph overlap ratio = 85%/70% (heading/sideways). The horizontal/vertical location error was around 0.028–0.055 m and 0.053–0.069 m, respectively, and a point cloud density of 463/m³ was found to generate a clear texture using these flying parameters. For the < 20 m deep blowout the optimum set-up with highest accuracy and the lowest cliff texture distortion was: flying height = 74 m combined camera tilt angle = −90° and −60°, photograph overlap ratio = 85%/70% (heading/sideways), and an evenly distributed GCPs (ground control points) density of 42/km² using these flying parameters. When the depth of the blowouts exceeded 40 m, the optimum flight/survey parameters changed slightly to account for more challenging cliff texture generation: flying height = 80 m (with −90° and −60°combined camera tilt angle), GCPs density = 63/km² to generate horizontal and vertical location error of 0.024 m and 0.050 m, respectively, and point cloud density of 2597.11/m³. The main external factors that affect the successful 3D reconstruction of aeolian landforms using UAVs-SfM are the weather conditions, manipulation errors, and instrument system errors. The UAVs-SfM topographic monitoring results demonstrate that UAVs provide a viable and robust means for aeolian landform morphodynamics monitoring. Importantly, the rapid and high precision 3D reconstruction processes were significantly advanced using the optimal flight parameters reported here. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

地下水地表水联合模拟的解析单元法理论及应用

本文介绍了解析单元法的基本理论及适用条件 ,并运用该方法 (GFL OW1软件 )计算了某水库蓄水过程中库首结晶岩区风化裂隙水渗流场变化 ,取得良好效果.     

构建现代决策气象服务系统

1引言气象服务是气象工作的重要内容之一,而决策气象服务又是气象服务工作的核心内容。逐步建设包括国家、省、市、县四级的灾害性天气预警、人工增雨防雹、农业气象服务、地质灾害预警等内容在内的决策气象服务系统。因此,为了提升各级政府及相关部门防灾减灾能力,促进社会和经济的持续发展,提高政府对公益性机构的投入效益,建立和发展与时俱进的现代决策气象服务系统已经成为公共气象服务发展的必然走向。2现代决策气象服务系统的构建决策气象服务既然是为政府机关及职能部门提供气象服务,必须重视服务对象的需求,形成新型的服务体系。2.1…     

中国大陆及其邻区地震活动的数值模型研究

利用有限元数值模拟方法,结合中国大陆及周边实际板块边界条件、实际介质参数,模拟给出了各单元的应力增长速率,并将其应用于根据细胞自动机原理提出的一种更接近实际的改进的细胞自动机模型中．初步给出了与实际地震类似的地震活动时空反复演化图象,并将模拟给出的地震能量释放结果与实际地震活动做了对比．认为该模型较以往模型无论在模拟地震活动特点上,还是与实际情况的对比上都有一定的优势,是一种更接近实际的模型．      

板内强震的中地壳硬夹层孕震与流体促震假设

以国内外地壳流体及其与强震活动关系的最新研究结果为基础,进行了多方面的探索与论证,提出板内强震的中地壳硬夹层孕震与流体促震（BEH-PEF）的假设．该假设的要点是地壳中存在上下两大流体活动系统,其间发育有中地壳硬夹层,该层是地壳应力积累并孕育地震的层．当其中某些部位积累的应力达到屈服强度时,则进入微破裂-膨胀（扩容）阶段并形成震源体．被扩容的震源体在真空吸泵作用下,由下层流体系统把流体吸渗到其内,在震源体内引起剪切力增强与抗剪力减弱的两个过程同步发展,并最终因剪切力达到抗剪力导致震源体的破裂而发生地震．