福建省水库底栖动物及渔业利用前景

１９８９年４月至１９９０年１月对福建省３３座不同类型水库底林动物的调查,获各类底栖动物８科３０属４９种,并对底栖动物的种类组成、密度,生物量分布特点及水库水关系进行了初步揭示,根据底栖动物的种群密度和生物量,对调查水库进行了营养分类,提出了合理的渔业利用建议。     

Cryospheric change in China

This paper provides an overview of the current status of the cryosphere in China and its changes. Up-to-date statistics of the cryosphere in China are summarized based on the latest available data. There are 46,377 glaciers in China, covering an area of 59,425 km². The glacier ice reserve is estimated to be about 5600 km³ and the annual glacier runoff is about 61.6 × 10⁹ m³. The continuous snow cover extent (> 60 days) in China is about 3.4 × 10⁶ km² and the maximum water equivalent is 95.9 × 10⁹ m³ yr^− 1. The permafrost area in China is about 1.72 × 10⁶ km². The total ground ice reserve on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau is estimated to be about 10,923 km³. Recent investigations indicated that glacier areas in China have shrunk about 2–10% over the past 45 yr. Total glacier area has receded by about 5.5%. Snow mass has increased slightly. Permafrost is clearly degrading, as indicated by shrinking areas of permafrost, increasing depth of the active layer, rising of lower limit of permafrost, and thinning of the seasonal frost depth. Some models predict that glacier area shrinkage could be as high as 26.7% in 2050, with glacier runoff increasing until its maximum in about 2030. Although snow mass shows an increasing trend in western China, in eastern China the trend is toward decreasing snow mass, with increasing interannual fluctuations. Permafrost degradation is likely to continue, with one-third to one-half of the permafrost on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau anticipated to degrade by 2100. Most of the high-temperature permafrost will disappear by then. The permafrost in northeastern China will retreat further northward.     

Integrating the ecosystem service in sustainable plateau spatial planning: A case study of the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin

The Yarlung Zangbo River Basin(YZRB) is a key ecological protection area on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau(QTP). Determination of the ecosystem service values(ESVs) can help recognize the benefits of sustainable management. It is gradually becoming the main path that constructs plateau spatial planning of integrating ecological protection, and achieves global sustainable development goals(SDGs) in China. In this paper, the spatio-temporal dynamic evolutions of the ESVs were estimated on the multiple scales of "basin, subbasin and watershed" from 1980 to 2015. The main factors influencing ESVs were explored in terms of physical geography, human activities, and climate change. It had been proposed that sustainable spatial planning including ecological protection, basin management, and regional development was urgent to set up. Our results show that the increase in wetland and forest and results in an increase of 9.4% in the ESVs. Attention should be paid to the reduction of water and grassland. Water conservation(WC), waste treatment(WT), and soil formation and conservation(SFC) are the most important ecosystem services in the YZRB. At present, the primary problem is to solve the ESVs decreasing caused by glacier melting, grassland degradation, and desertification in the upper reaches region. The middle reaches should raise the level of supply services. Regulation services should be increased in the lower reaches region on the premise of protecting vegetation. The ESVs in adjacent watersheds are interrelated and the phenomenon of "high agglomeration and low agglomeration" is obvious, existing hot-spots and cold-spots of ESVs. Additionally, when the altitude is 4500-5500 m, the temperature is 3-8°C, and the annual precipitation is 350-650 mm, ESVs could reach its maximum. A framework of sustainable plateau spatial planning could provide references to delimit the ecological protection red line, key ecological function zone, and natural resource asset accounting on the QTP.     

中国地震科学实验场:认识与实践

中国地震科学实验场提出的国家重大科技基础设施建议被列入《中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划和2035年远景目标纲要》,不仅是实验场的一件大事,也是中国地震科技的一件大事.这一重大进展,是中国地震科学界近半个世纪的思考与尝试的结果.     

雾中航行

本文主要介绍我国南海海区雾的生消特点,航海工作者在南海海区雾航的经验体会,如何保证雾中航行的安全,如何正确理解国际海上避碰规则中几个关键的问题。     

首都圈区域应变场研究

采用分块均匀弹性介质模型对１９６６～１９７８年首都圈三角—测边网复测资料进行了分析计算，发现在两个区域有应变积累：其一为南口—孙河断层以北，南口山前断层以东，黄庄—高丽营断层以西；另一区域为南口山前断层以西。短边测距网复测资料计算结果表明，京西区１９８７年之前主应力方向为北东７２°，此后应变不断加强，主应力方向发生扰动。由区域地应变场和断层活动性两种途径分析得到的首都圈现今应力状况是一致的，两种途径得到的应力加强的地段也大体相同。对近年应力集中地段的地震危险性应予以重视。     

张北—尚义地震的短临预测回顾与反思

１９９８年１月１０日张北－尚义ＭＳ６．２地震前,正式提出过较为准确的短临预测意见,但没能实现短临预报。该文回顾了地震预测的过程,总结了时间预测与地点判定的新的科学经验。为了使首都圈地区未来的地震短临预报工作取得成效,提出了调整科学思路,建立预报工作规范化与改进十大关系的建议。     

地壳中的CO2及其释放与地震短临预测

该文通过对地壳中二氧化碳（ＣＯ２）的分布及其与多震层的关系,以及地壳中ＣＯ２的释放与地震活动关系的分析,探讨了断层带ＣＯ２监测在强震短临预测阶段对时间判定的作用,提出应进一步加强对断层带ＣＯ２释放的监测与研究。     

Tracing Subsurface Fluid Anomalies Before Zhangbei-Shangyi Earthquake and Prediction of the Earthquake

High-value subsurface fluid anomalies appeared in the northern part of North China region for more than two years before the Zhangbei-Shangyi earthquake. Some of the anomalies have appeared alternately and were correlated with moderate and moderately strong earthquakes in the region during the last year (1997). Typical short-term subsurface fluid anomalies have appeared in the area at 100 km ~ 200 km distance from the epicenter for two months before an earthquake. Tracing these anomalies during the last two years and repeatedly improving the knowledge of seismic regime, we have more successfully performed short-term and imminent earthquake prediction at half a month before its occurrence.     

关于天津双桥井“蠕变”水位异常问题的讨论

通过全面、系统分析双桥井“蠕变”水位异常与地震活动的对应关系 ,认为这类异常与地震活动的对应关系并不密切。从不同角度对这类异常可能产生的原因进行了分析 ,提出这类异常可能与井管的老化、腐蚀、破裂及由此引起的高矿化度的地表盐池水或浅层地下水的渗入有关