Application of the stable-isotope system to the study of sources and fate of Hg in the environment: A review

With the improvement of analytical methods and the development of multiple-collector inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (MC-ICP/MS), research on non-traditional stable isotope (Cu, Zn, Fe, Se, Mo, Cr, Hg) in geochemistry has made tremendous progress in the past decade. Recent studies have demonstrated that both organic and inorganic reactions may cause Hg isotope fractionation, and variations of Hg isotopic composition in the environment have been successfully employed to explain Hg pollution history, Hg sources and tracking Hg pathways in nature. Furthermore, Hg isotopic fractionation studies can be a powerful tool in the calibration of global Hg cycling models. Stable isotope geochemistry of Hg is therefore becoming a new frontier subject in earth sciences. Based on summarizing previous research, this paper outlines the main advances in the study of Hg stable isotopes with particular emphasis placed on a brief explanation of Hg isotope analytical techniques, possible Hg isotope fractionation mechanisms observed in both natural and experimental processes, Hg isotope composition variations in different environmental matrices, and the application prospects of the Hg stable isotopes in environmental geosciences.     

四川盆地晚三叠世碎屑组分对物源分析及印支运动的指示

沉积物源分析是认识盆山演化的重要途径.四川盆地上三叠统的砾岩碎屑、砂岩骨架颗粒、碎屑重矿物组分显示,晚三叠世存在5大物源,它们分布于龙门山北段-中段、大巴山、龙门山南段、盆地东南和盆地南部.碎屑物源总体以"再旋回造山带"和"大陆板块"类型为主,其中,龙门山北段-中段和龙门山南段以"再旋回造山带"类型为主,而盆地东南部和南部以"大陆板块"类型为主."再旋回造山带"类型可细分为"混合造山带"及"碰撞造山和褶皱冲断带"两种类型,龙门山北段和龙门山南段均以"混合造山带"及"碰撞造山和褶皱冲断带"类型为特征.盆地物源分布存在阶段性特征:早期,龙门山北段-中段、大巴山物源规模较大,盆地东南和南部规模较小;晚期,盆地东南和南部规模增大,各方向呈均衡分布格局,这与周缘板块构造活动的阶段性有关.晚三叠世,龙门山北段由西北向东南方向挤压,构造活动强度总体具有弱-强-弱的演变趋势.须二期,龙门山北段逆冲-推覆开始形成,并暴露水面遭受剥蚀,向盆地提供物源;须四期为盆地最活跃期,龙门山北段进一步挤压抬升剥蚀,盆内沉积中心也由西北向东南迁移;须四期后,龙门山北段剥蚀区继续向东南推进,但构造活动强度渐趋和缓.     

Quantifying time lag of epikarst-spring hydrograph response to rainfall using correlation and spectral analyses

Understanding spring-flow characteristics in karst areas is very important for efficient utilization of water resources. The time lag of a spring-hydrograph response to rainfall is related to karst hydrogeological properties such as thickness, porosity and hydraulic conductivity. The length of the time lag can be determined based on results of the time-series analysis. However, some approaches, with different identifying indicators, give different lengths of the time lag. In this study, the flow-discharge series of two hillslope springs located in a karst area of southwest China were used to compute lengths of the time lag. The thickness and porosity of the epikarst-zone fractures on the two hillslopes were estimated based on a ground-penetrating radar investigation and field measurement. Based on comparison of lengths of the time lag computed by auto- and cross-correlation analyses, the identifying indicators of the time lag were classified into three types for measuring short, intermediate and long-term responses of the spring hydrograph to rainfall. The study also reveals that the time lag of spring-hydrograph response to rainfall in the thick epikarst zone is much longer than that in the thin epikarst zone.     

Couple Effect of Joint Pore Pressure and Joint Orientations on Rock Strength Based on Numerical Modeling

Geotechnical and Geological Engineering - The joint pore pressure inside rock mass significantly affects groundwater bursting. To investigate the couple effect of joint pore pressure and joint...     

DEM studies on the effect of particle breakage on the critical state behaviours of granular soils under undrained shear conditions

Acta Geotechnica - A number of discrete element analyses of undrained triaxial shear tests on crushable assemblies are performed using 3-dimensional particle flow code (PFC3D). The undrained shear...     

地震活动性预测并划分未来地震发生的潜在区域方法研究

采用网格地震方法,选取面积百分比(33%),确定圈闭区域的半径,统计后期地震发生在圈闭区域内的概率。在我国4个不同构造环境和地震活动水平的地区,分别统计了后期地震发生在圈闭区域内的概率。结果表明,4个地区后期地震发生在圈闭区域的概率远远大于面积百分比。说明未来地震是高度地聚集在过去地震发生的区域内,采用地震活动性预测并划分未来地震发生的潜在区域的方法是可行的。     

九江-瑞昌5.7级地震余震的S波分裂研究

利用在九江-瑞昌MS5.7地震震中附近架设的丁家山台(DJS)、狮子洞台(SZD)和武蛟台(WUJ)的地震波形资料,采用S波分裂系统分析方法,对余震进行了S波分裂分析。结果表明,震中距较小、台站附近断层分布复杂的丁家山台(DJS)的慢波时间延迟相对较大,快波偏振方向不太集中。台站附近断裂分布单一的武蛟台(WUJ)快波偏振优势方向与断裂走向角度相差约35°,与区域主压应力方向也不一致。台站附近无断层通过的狮子洞台(SZD)快波偏振优势方向接近区域主压应力方向。慢波时间延迟大小与震源深度没有明显的规律性关系。     

云南水氡群体异常特征

采用非均匀度方法,分别提取滇西北、滇中北、滇西南、滇东南和滇东北地区水氡观测资料的地震前兆群体异常。结果表明,该方法能满足水氡观测点所在地区成组中强地震的中、短临预报要求;且该方法能自动识别异常,排除人为主观影响,便于在其他震区进行预报效能检验。     

地震地下流体观测现状

系统介绍我国地震地下流体井（泉）的分布现状、观测井含水层特征及自流热水井的观测现状,并介绍观测项目及主要观测仪器等。上述调查与分析结果,可为我国地震地下流体台网的进一步调整与优化,及今后地震地下流体学科的发展提供科学依据。     

Finite element analysis of steep excavation slope failure by CFS theory

The distribution of Coulomb failure stress (CFS) change in the steep excavation slope is calculated by finite element method in this paper, and the failure mechanics under different conditions have been investigated. Comparing the CFSs before and after the slope excavation (stress loading and unloading processes), the dangerous internal zone and the most likely failure external area are attained. Given the shear cracks on the top surface while tensile stress or cracks along the toe of the slope, we analyze the high cutting-angle steep slope in Kaixian county of the Three Gorges Reservoir region. We bring forward that the peak value of CFS after excavation can reach to the order of 0.1 MPa, which is greatly higher than that of before. Our preliminary results are useful for optimizing the reinforcement structure during the steep slope stabilization engineering.