Major element geochemistry of purple soils/rocks in the red Sichuan Basin, China: implications of their diagenesis and pedogenesis

Major element compositions and chemical weathering features of the purple soils and their corresponding rocks in the Red Sichuan Basin, China were studied in this paper to infer the diagenetic features of the purple rocks and the pedogenetic features of the purple soils. The results showed that all of the rock and soil samples, except those from Yibin, have strongly similar major element compositions and the distribution patterns of their major element compositions are similar to those of the upper continental crust. Chemical index of alteration, chemical index of weathering and Na₂O/K₂O indicate that the purple soils and rocks have similar chemical weathering intensities, whereas the Al₂O₃–CaO* + Na₂O–K₂O (A–CN–K) relationship, suggests that chemical weathering was strong during diagenesis of the purple rocks, but weak during pedogenesis of the purple soils. Variations in major element compositions of the purplish rock samples, except that from Yibin, do not primarily reflect differences in compositions of the sediment source, sediment recycling and potassium metasomatism, and therefore the effects of chemical weathering on the major element compositions were mainly dependent on climate condition and the residence time of material exposed to chemical weathering. Chemical weathering of the purple rocks reached only moderate degrees under the general influence of warm and humid climate during Jurassic and Cretaceous. Warmer and more humid climate conditions partly resulted in stronger chemical weathering of rocks in the southern region of the basin than in the central and western region, whereas shorter residence time of material in upslope position partly resulted in weaker chemical weathering of rocks in the eastern region than in the central and western region. The same climate and stable tectonic setting led to comparable chemical weathering intensities of rocks in the Ziliujing and Jiaguan Formations. Gradually colder and dryer climate from Early Jurassic to Middle Jurassic then to Late Jurassic and shorter residence time in tectonically active setting of Middle Jurassic and late Late Jurassic resulted in the following order of chemical weathering intensity of the purple Jurassic rocks: Ziliujing Formation ? Shaximiao Formation ≈ Suining Formation > Penglaizhen Formation.     

山旺盆地的成因及其地质意义

前人一般认为山旺盆地是一个深度不大的封闭性淡水剥蚀盆地。笔者认为它是一个火山口成因的封闭—半封闭盆地。盆地的发展经历了3个发展阶段:早期为火山喷发作用形成火山口,并造成火山碎屑物堆积:中期堆积了较厚层的沉积物,主要为粘土质岩石,如硅藻质页岩、泥岩,此外,还有少量的砂岩、砾岩;晚期为玄武岩充填,致使整个盆地完全封闭。在盆地发展过程中,早期为封闭环境,中、晚期为半封闭环境。火山碎屑物的再堆积和分解对于生物死亡和埋藏可能具有重要的意义;该区第三纪中心式火山作用非常强烈,通过详细的区域地质调查,有可能找到更多的化石产地和硅藻土矿。     

A Combined-Power Model for the Distribution of Axial Force in Shaft Anchor along Its Length

INTRODUCTIONThe anchorage of geomaterial , including shaftanchors and prestressed tendons ,is usually used ingeotechnical engineering. Owing to various advanta-ges ,these two anchorage types are widely used instructures in China ( Cao et al ., 2003 ; Fu et al .,1999 ;Lu et al .,1998 ; Li et al .,1995) . Shaft an-chors can be classifiedinto three kinds by the forceinthe shaft and cement grout :tensile ,press ,and sheartype (Lu et al .,1998) . The tensile type is the mostpopular in China…     

塔里木盆地北部中生界生油岩基本特征

塔里木盆地北部地区中生界生油岩为陆相泥质生油岩，主要发育在三叠系、侏罗系。有两个生油岩发育中心，库车坳陷区和阿瓦提断陷－满加尔坳陷区。三叠系生油岩有机质丰度主要为较差一较好生油岩，侏罗系生油岩则为较差－较好－好生油岩。三叠－侏罗系生油岩干酪根类型以Ⅲ型为主，少量Ⅱ型。库车坳陷三叠－侏罗系生油岩热演化多处于成熟－高成熟阶段。阿瓦提断陷－满加尔坳陷三叠系处于初熟阶段，侏罗系则处于未成熟－初熟阶段。沙雅隆起北侧，库车坳陷南缘是寻找油气藏最为有利的地区。     

云南羊拉铜矿床成矿流体特征及成矿过程

云南羊拉铜矿床位于金沙江构造带中部,是中-晚三叠世金沙江洋盆向西俯冲闭合碰撞造山过程中形成的一个大型铜矿床。矿体多呈层状、似层状顺层产出,但明显受层间破碎带和滑脱带控制。从流体包裹体研究入手,讨论了该矿床成矿流体的特征、演化以及流体不混溶(沸腾)作用与成矿的关系。流体包裹体研究表明,干夕卡岩阶段(Ⅰ)、湿夕卡岩磁铁矿阶段(Ⅱ)、石英硫化物阶段(Ⅲ)以及方解石硫化物阶段(Ⅳ)中发育多种类型的包裹体,主要为气液水两相包裹体和含子矿物多相包裹体,纯液相水包裹体次之,少见纯气相有机质包裹体。其中,含子矿物多相包裹体发育于Ⅰ阶段石榴石、Ⅱ阶段绿帘石,尤其是Ⅲ阶段石英中。Ⅰ、Ⅱ阶段成矿流体具有高温、高盐度特征,均一温度分别为413~593 ℃和336~498 ℃,盐度分别为19.1%~49.7% NaCleq和15.7%~53.3% NaCleq;Ⅲ阶段成矿流体均一温度为148~398 ℃,并具有低盐度(2.1%~9.6% NaCleq)与高盐度(35.5%~65.3% NaCleq)共存的特征;Ⅳ阶段成矿流体具有低温(132~179 ℃)、低盐度(3.4%~10.4% NaCleq)特征。根据流体包裹体的微观特征并结合矿区的宏观地质特征,认为流体不混溶(沸腾)是导致本矿区金属沉淀成矿的主要机制。     

天山地区遥感解译及铀矿化地质特征

本文通过卫星照片解译对天山地区的地层进行了划分,尤其是通过线性构造的解译把天山地区分成了若干个不同性质的地块,并对构造规模进行了分级。此外,还讨论了新老构造的继承关系,构造与岩体之间的相互依存关系等。本文又通过环形体的解译进一步确定了火山岩的喷发期次、活动规模及其与铀矿化的关系。通过对花岗岩体侵入期次和相带的划分,进而在解译中配合四道能谱测量判读标志来分析不同影象地质体的可能含铀丰度。另外还探讨了褶皱构造各要素的半定最估算的可能性。     

有机酸对长石溶解度影响的热力学研究

为明确认识有机酸（草酸、醋酸）对长石溶解度及储层次生孔隙发育的影响，本文利用热力学方法，计算了不同温度、酸度下钾长石在含有醋酸根0.05mol/L、草酸0.0055mol/L的溶液中的溶解度及草酸和醋酸对溶液酸度的影响，计算的结果表明醒酸根与铝的络合作用只发生在偏酸性的溶液体系中，并且随温度升高要求酸度增加，实际的络合能力降低，醋酸根的络合作用对长石溶解度的增加作用极及有限，最高时不足一倍；但醋酸能有效地缓冲溶液酸度，从而提高长石溶解度。草酸根与铝的络合作用发生在弱碱性至酸性条件下，温度升高，络合能力增加，络合效应对长石溶解度，草酸根上铝的络合作用发生在弱碱性至酸性条件下，温度升高，络合能力增加，络合效应对长石溶出量的增加最多可达2个数量级以上，草酸的浓度太低无法通过缓冲溶液在较高的酸度下来促进长石的溶解，草酸和醒酸能否促进储层次生孔隙的发育取决于盆地流体的酸度及组成流体的缓冲体系。     

小体积萃取-石墨炉原子吸收法测定高纯硝酸钡中纳克级重金属元素

本文研究了石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定高纯硝酸钡中超痕量重金属元素的分析技术。提出在大量钡基体存在时,采用小体积萃取体系APDC-MIBK同时萃取纳克级的Fe、Cu、Co和Ni。该法具有灵敏度高、无干扰、操作方便和减少沾污等特点。方法检出限为:Fe 7.2ng/g、Cu 12.8ng/g、Co 4.4ng/g和Ni 6.7ng/g。应用于红外光纤原料硝酸钡、硝酸铝中痕量重金属的测定,效果良好。     

塔里木盆地满西地区海相油气成藏规律

满西地区是塔里木盆地海相油气藏的主要富集区之一,侧向运移是该区油气成藏的一个重要特征。该区油气藏的形成和分布主要受控干古隆起背景、东河砂岩优质输导层的展布以及中一新生代(尤其是晚喜马拉雅期)构造变动等三大因素。古隆起背景的存在是该区油气藏形成和富集的关键。研究表明,哈得逊古隆起及其斜坡上倾部位是满西地区油气聚集成藏的最有利地区,石炭系东河砂岩是油气富集的主要层位,东河砂岩地层圈闭和地层一构造复合型圈闭是油气藏形成的主要类型。认为满西地区大中型油气田的勘探应以哈得逊古隆起及其西斜坡为重点。     

PDC钻头切削齿受力随布齿密度变化关系研究

采用不同布齿方式的３个ＰＤＣ切削齿同步连续切削转动的岩石为模拟井底钻头切削齿实际工作状态，用切削岩石时相同的布齿参数切削砂轮来磨损切削以模拟切削的以模拟切削齿磨状态，试验研究了不同磨损程度的切削齿受力与布齿密度的关系。