The extent of permafrost in China during the local Last Glacial Maximum (LLGM)

Recent investigations into relict periglacial phenomena in northern and western China and on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau provide information for delineating the extent of permafrost in China during the Late Pleistocene. Polygonal and wedge‐shaped structures indicate that, during the local Last Glacial Maximum (LLGM, between ～35 and 10.5 ka BP), the southern limit of latitudinal permafrost in northern China advanced southward at least to ～38–40°N in the east and to ～37–39°N in the west. This represents an advance of about 5–10° of latitude beyond present‐day permafrost limits. The lower limits of elevationally controlled permafrost on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau and its peripheries were about 1000 m lower: this permafrost was largely continuous during the LLGM. This suggests a cooling of between 4 and 10°C, or more. This paper discusses the extent of permafrost during the LLGM and presents maps that have been constructed on the basis of extensive and integrative analysis of all reliable and pertinent data. The results indicate that the extent of LLGM permafrost in China was between ～3.8 and 4.3×10⁶ km². This is 80 to 100% more than that of ～2.15×10⁶ km² in the 1970s, and 120 to ～150% more than that of ～1.75×10⁶ km² today.     

2001年8月初上海强暴雨中尺度对流系统的数值模拟研究

利用NCEP的ETA模式对 2 0 0 1年 8月 5～ 6日导致上海地区产生大暴雨的中尺度对流系统的发生发展过程进行了数值模拟。模拟结果基本再现了对流云团加强合并形成中尺度对流系统的过程 ,所模拟的降水分布、最大降水中心位置与实测结果基本一致。模拟结果还显示其中的一个中尺度对流系统是由于位于其西南部的一支低空急流的直接流入才发展起来的     

武汉东湖沉积物孔隙度与含水量

对采自武汉东湖Ⅰ站、Ⅱ站的沉积物采用一种新的方法计算孔隙度:拍摄扫描式电子显微镜(SEM)图像,采用局部区域阈值化的方法对图像进行阈值化(thresholding)处理,运用自编程序求出孔隙度的垂直变化.结合含水量的垂直变化,分析孔隙度与含水量之间的关系,并对影响它们垂直变化的因素进行了讨论.结果表明:SEM图像局部区域阈值化法是研究沉积物孔隙度的有效方法;孔隙度与含水量表层较大,从表层到底层呈明显的下降趋势;孔隙度(K)与含水量穴H雪有比较好的正相关.运用拟合的相关方程式,可以由较易获得的东湖Ⅰ站和Ⅱ站的含水量反推较难获得的孔隙度.     

冰川沉积类型识别与ESR测年样品采样规范

电子自旋共振(ESR)技术是一种确定物质成分和结构的顺磁性质的分析方法,也能够用于沉积物定年。该方法的测量技术和测年的物理机制等还处于发展阶段。冰川作用过程十分复杂,形成各种类型的冰川沉积物,其顺磁信号的归零机制有显著差异,ESR测年的实验方案也有所差异。因此,识别冰碛物类型,采集合适的样品对于ESR测年的准确性十分重要。冰下融出碛和滞碛经过了冰下磨蚀过程,结构致密,细颗粒基质含量高,石英砂中的一些杂质芯的ESR信号能够衰退。许多冰上融出碛,结构疏松,但细颗粒基质含量高,不但经过了搬运过程中的冰下磨蚀过程使ESR信号衰退,又经历了沉积时的冰上阳光直射过程使信号衰退,一些样品的ESR信号能够完全晒退。冰水湖泊和冰水河流沉积的细砂和粉砂来源于冰下研磨的产物,信号会衰退;在搬运沉积过程中又可能被阳光直射,信号进一步衰退。其它类型的冰碛物的ESR信号衰退机制不明,或粒径不适合用ESR方法测年。采集冰碛物ESR年代样品时,最好同时采集信号衰退机制相同的现代冰碛物样品,以便对照,并用于扣除可能的残留信号。     

Soil properties in two soil profiles from terraces of the Nam Co Lake in Tibet, China

This article investigates the soil properties in two soil profiles from the terraces of the Nam Co Lake in Tibet, China. Profile 1, with a slope aspect to east, is 37 m, and profile 2, to southwest, is 32 m above the lake level. Twelve and nine layers were identified in profile 1 and profile 2, respectively, based on the color, texture, structure, moisture content, presence of carbonate, and root density. Grain sizes and measurements of water content, total organic carbon, total inorganic carbon, total carbon, pH value and electrical conductivity were all analyzed for each sample. The results show that soil is poorly developed because of sparse vegetation coverage and weak chemical weathering in the cold and arid area. The results also indicate that the soil properties are different between the two profiles and suggest that soil is better developed in profile 1 than in profile 2. These differences are ascribed to the dissimilarity of landform, vegetation and timing. Profile 1 faces to east as compared with profile 2 facing to southwest and gets less insolation and therefore less evaporation. Thus, vegetation grows better in profile 1 than in profile 2. Radiocarbon dating and OSL dating show that profile 1 underwent a longer soil forming process than profile 2, which is helpful for the soil development in profile 1.     

青藏高原末次盛冰期和全新世大暖期多年冻土边界变化的探讨

位于中低纬的青藏高原多年冻土是第四纪高原隆升和冰期气候叠加的产物,与高纬多年冻土相比,具有厚度薄和不稳定的特点,对全球变化反应敏感.因此,评价冰期-间冰期多年冻土扩张-收缩过程和其范围重建,是研究高原环境变化的重要工作.本文依据青藏高原及周边地区温度数据和《中国冰川冻土沙漠图》,对青藏高原现代大片多年冻土、岛状多年冻土和高山多年冻土分布进行恢复.依据来自冰川、冰缘和湖泊等证据,采用末次盛冰期气温较现代低7℃,全新世大暖期气温较现代高4℃,进行末次盛冰期和全新世大暖期多年冻土分布重建.重建结果表明:末次盛冰期多年冻土扩张明显,面积约为现代冻土面积的195％;末次盛冰期大片多年冻土几乎覆盖整个高原,岛状多年冻土向东扩张明显,向西范围逐渐收缩变窄,高山多年冻土在喜马拉雅山、祁连山和横断山脉等地区扩张明显.全新世大暖期多年冻土明显收缩,面积是现代多年冻土的73％;大片多年冻土收缩幅度较小,岛状多年冻土在高原东南部收缩明显,高山多年冻土在喜马拉雅山脉、祁连山脉、横断山脉等高海拔山地发育.     

Constant slip rate during the late Quaternary along the Sulu He segment of the Altyn Tagh Fault near Changma,Gansu, China

The question of whether millennial‐scale geological slip rates are consistent with decade‐scale geodetic slip rates is of great importance in evaluating the nature of continental deformation within the Tibetan Plateau. We determined the time‐averaged slip rate of the Sulu He segment of the Altyn Tagh Fault, near Changma in Gansu Province, China, based on geomorphic analysis, remote sensing data, and cosmogenic ¹⁰Be surface‐exposure age dating. Quaternary alluvial fan deposits in the study area (Qf1, Qf2, Qf3) are displaced by left‐lateral movement along the Altyn Tagh Fault. Because of the large accumulated displacement of these fans, some of them have become disconnected from the fan apexes that are directly linked to the debris‐source areas in the piedmont of the Qilian Shan to the south. The total minimum offsets are estimated to be about 429 ± 41 m for Qf1, about 130 ± 10 m for Qf2, and 32 ± 1 m for Qf3. The ¹⁰Be surface‐exposure ages obtained for Qf1 and Qf2 are 100–112 ka and 31–43 ka, respectively. Accordingly, the slip rate since the period of Qf1 and Qf2 depositions is calculated to have been about 3.7 mm/yr.     

大尺度凝结加热与暖锋锋生

利用假湿绝热假定，导得简化的半地转湿锋生模式，利用该模式讨论大尺度凝结加热对暖锋锋生过程的影响。计算结果显示，大尺度凝结加热对暖锋锋生过程具有明显的加强作用，增大锋生率，增强上升运动速度，缩小上升运动区的范围，使之更具有中尺度特征，它还使非地转越锋环流得到增强并发生倾斜。